Untukmu Ikhwat

untukmu ikhwat
ikhwan engkau adalah makhluk paling mulia
ditanganmu semua akhwat bergantung
tanganmu itu kan membuat kami
yang bengkok menjadi lurus

kau sosok seorang pemimpin
yang pasti kan dibutuhkan oeh kami
denganmu kami bergantung
dan dengan mu kami berpijak

namun ikhwat
sadarkah engkau
sejatinya ketika kau lahir
kau membawa tanggung jawab yang amat besar

ikhwat tahukah kau
tingkahmu dan caramu juga merupakan dosa dan pahala bagimu
jika saja tingkahmu mencerminkan seorang pemimpin
surgalah kadomu
namun jika saja kau bak buaya nerakalah rumahmu

ikhwat tahukah kamu
yang kami butuhkan
bukanlah seberapa banyak hartamu
bukan pula seberapa tinggi jabatanmu
atau pun setampan apa rupamu

ikhwat yang kami butuhkan
hanyalah tanggung jawabmu kelak
imanmu yang kuat
yang kan membimbing kami kesurga
yang kan meluruskan rusuk kami

oleh karana itu nasib kami setengahnya ada didirimu

ikhwat
pesan ku tak banyak
jadilah hamabNya yang slalu menjaga pandangannya
krna ku yakin dosa terberat mu ada dimata
jadilah ikhwat yang menghargai dan menilai perempuan bak ibunya
yang melahirkannya
jadilah pemimpin yang dicontohkan Muhammad pada istrinya
dan jadilah engaku hambanya yang tawadhu

ingatlah ikhwat
sejatinya engkau ada krna kami ada
oleh krana itu jaga dan hargai kami

Malaikat itu Telah Pergi

Sejenak kurebahkan letih yang menggantung di tubuhku setelah beraktivitas seharian. Kepalaku sedikit pusing, suhunya pun agak panas. Mungkin karena tadi aku nekad menerobos guyuran hujan yang cukup lebat. Untunglah pakaianku tidak sampai basah kuyup. Pasalnya, ini pakaian layak terakhir yang kupunya. Sisa pakaian yang ada di lemari hanya pakaian rumah yang tidak lazim dipakai ke kampus.

Pikiranku sejenak bersandar pada kejadian tadi siang. Saraf-saraf imajinasiku seakan berdenyut kencang bersamaan terbukanya jendela memori otak

Laksmi. Ya. Namanya Laksmi. Baru saja aku mengenal sosoknya yang tidak bisa diduga itu. Dia wanita misterius. Bayangkan, sejak dua tahun kuliah baru kali ini aku mengenalnya. Padahal, sudah beberapa kali kami berada dalam kelas yang sama.

Dan kejadian tadi sianglah yang membuatku ingin mengenalnya. Kejadian yang telah mengajarkan aku satu hal penting, yakni kebaikan itu tidak selalu harus diperlihatkan. Kebaikan yang baik adalah kebaikan yang hanya dirinya dan kebaikan itu sendiri yang tahu. Siang tadi Laksmi telah mengajarkan itu padaku. Aku baru memahami bahwa Laksmi punya sisi yang lebih dari orang lain. Ia menganggap hidup ini bukan semata-mata untuk kesenangannya. Tetapi ada yang lebih dari itu semua, yakni bermanfaat bagi sekelilingnya.

Sejujurnya aku tidak pernah menyangka sosok sepertinya bisa memiliki sisi lain yang luar biasa dalam hidup. Aku yang notabene aktivis kampus, sebelumnya hanya menganggap sosok-sosok seperti Laksmi tidak lebih dari sekedar sampah zaman. Sosok yang hanya mengisi hari-harinya dengan berdandan, makan-makan, jalan-jalan, dan senang-senang. Tidak lebih dari itu.

Air mataku membuncah. Aku malu mengingatnya. Aku malu sebagai seorang laki-laki, karena merasa kalah dari sosoknya. Kalah, untuk berlomba-lomba menjadi figur-figur belakang layar yang kehadirannya tidak pernah terjamak, tetapi kemanfaatannya dapat dirasakan orang lain.

***

“Ami, ada yang bisa aku bantu?” ujarku yang iba melihatnya keletihan mengangkat-angkat kardus berisi mie instan dan logistik kebutuhan hidup untuk sebulan.

“Asya, e.. itu Sya tolong bawakan kardus minyak goreng itu ya?” sambutnya lembut.

Tanpa komentar banyak. Aku bergegas melaksanakan tugas. Kuangkat satu persatu kardus berisi minyak goreng itu ke ruang dapur Panti Asuhan Cinta Saudara. Adik-adik kecil penghuni panti asuhan pun sesekali membantu membawa kardus-kardus itu semampu mereka. Aku maklum, jika satu kardus sampai digotong lima sampai enam anak. Pasalnya, usia mereka masih seumuran jagung. Berkisar antara tiga sampai sepuluh tahun.

“Kak Ami, terigunya disimpan ke dapur juga ya?” tanya seorang anak yang kuperkirakan berusia sekitar enam tahunan. Tubuhnya mungil, namun sudah berseragam SD. Itu yang membuat asumsiku mengatakan ia berusia enam tahun.

“Iya sayang!” jawab Laksmi singkat, namun ruh kasih sayangnya terasa begitu panjang.

Hampir satu jam lamanya aku, Laksmi, dan anak-anak Panti Asuhan Cinta Saudara mengangkut logistik kebutuhan dapur untuk bulan ini. Keringat yang mengucur didahi dan sekujur tubuh seakan tidak ada apa-apanya dibanding keceriaan yang mengendap dalam hatiku. Aku merasa senang, larut dalam kebahagiaan anak-anak yang ditinggal orangtua mereka itu. Sesekali suara Laksmi melantunkan nyanyian khas anak-anak membuatku makin sadar bahwa ia bukanlah manusia, melainkan malaikat. Malaikat bagi anak-anak itu.

“Aku… seorang kapiten… memiliki pedang panjang…” lantunan suara Laksmi menyemangati bocah-bocah itu. Aku memandangi semua itu penuh takjub. Sambil sesekali bibirku mengikuti lantunan nyanyian khas anak-anak berjiwa pejuang tersebut.

Tanpa terasa, malam menjemput. Rembulan sudah menguncupkan putik cahayanya di langit. Bintang-bintang pun sudah bergantungan menyemarakkan kegelapan malam. Aku dan Laksmi hendak pamit dari Panti Asuhan Cinta Saudara. Sebelum pamit, tidak lupa Laksmi menyambangi anak-anak itu satu persatu seraya mengecup kening mereka sebelum menembus alam mimpi.

“Ami, boleh aku tanya sesuatu?” tanyaku sebelum ia masuk ke sedan Corolla hitamnya.

“Apa?”

“Apa yang membuatmu begitu menyayangi mereka?” tanyaku pelan. Mendengar pertanyaanku, Laksmi spontan tersenyum lirih. Aku tidak bisa menebak bahasa senyum yang tersirat diwajahnya itu.

“Aku sangat mencintai dunia anak-anak! Cukuplah masa kecil hampa seperti yang kualami dulu hanya tercipta untukku. Tidak boleh ada anak-anak lain merasakan hal yang sama,” jelasnya. Aku tidak bisa menangkap maksud perkataannya tersebut.

“Maksudmu?” tanyaku penasaran.

“Sya, aku ini anak piatu. Ibuku telah meninggal sejak aku berusia tiga tahun. Aku benar-benar merasa kesepian menjalani kehidupan sebagai seorang bocah yang sedang tumbuh berkembang. Aku paham bagaimana kosongnya perasaanku saat itu. Kasih sayang ayah tentu tidak bisa disamakan dengan seorang ibu. Ibu lebih memiliki sisi kasih sayang lebih dibanding ayah. Dan aku, aku tidak mau perasaan yang sama pun dialami anak-anak itu. Cukuplah aku saja yang merasakan itu Sya,” terangnya panjang lebar. Tetes demi tetes air mata menggelayut dalam benakku. Laksmi telah membuatku membatu dalam pondasi penyesalan yang rasanya takkan berujung. Ia telah mengajari aku tentang sesuatu yang tidak pernah kupikirkan sebelumnya.

“Sya, terimakasih ya sudah mau membantuku mengasuh mereka. Tanpa bantuanmu aku tidak tahu akan seperti apa jadinya,” ucap Laksmi meneruskan. Aku hanya tersenyum kaku menjawab ucapannya itu. Ada seutas rasa getir yang menyelinap.

“Udah malam Mi, jadi sebaiknya kita pulang,” ujarku mewarnai suasana gamang.

“Ya. Hati-hati ya Sya,” ujar Laksmi sambil membuka pintu sedan Corolla-nya.

“Kamu juga!” sambutku mantap.

***

“Jadi, selama ini Kak Ami yang membiayai kalian?” tanyaku pada Yandi, si kecil yang baru berusia enam tahun.

“Iya, Kak! Kalo nggak ada Kak Ami mungkin kita udah kelaparan,” jawabnya.

“Dulu sih, ada Mama Nani yang ngurusin kami. Tapi semenjak Mama Nani menikah, dia tidak pernah ke sini lagi. Katanya… kata Unang sih Mama Nani dibawa suaminya pergi jauh. Untungnya, nggak berapa lama Kak Ami sama temen-temennya datang ke sini. Katanya sih itu acara dari kampus. Mereka bagi-bagi makanan ke kami Kak.”

“Oya?”

“Iya Kak! Tapi habis itu cuma Kak Ami yang mau ngurus kami. Temen-temennya yang lain nggak pernah ke sini lagi. Kata Kak Ami sih mereka sibuk kuliah.” Penjelasan Yandi membuatku semakin tahu sosok Laksmi yang misterius. Semakin hari aku semakin mengerti dengan dirinya. Aku pun baru sadar bahwa ia tidak seperti wanita-wanita lain sebayanya yang ada di kampusku. Dia memang berbeda. Misteriustik.

Obrolanku dengan Yandi akhirnya mesti kuakhiri dengan kehadiran Laksmi. Aku tidak mungkin membahas dirinya di depan orangnya sendiri.

“Met siang!” sapanya sewaktu keluar dari sedan hitam yang diparkir di depan halaman panti asuhan ini.

“Siang Kak!” seru Yandi semangat.

“Maaf ya aku baru bisa datang. Tadi ada kuliah tambahan,” ujar Laksmi. Aku tak menjawab. Kupikir senyumku cukup untuk menjawab pernyataannya itu.

“Yang lain mana Yan?” tanyanya pada bocah yang sedari tadi duduk disampingku.

“Sedang main di halaman belakang Kak! Katanya sih mau menanam pohon mangga,” sahut Yandi.

“Yuk, kita bantu mereka.” Ajakan Laksmi itu membuatku terlihat bodoh. Aku yang sedari tadi sudah di sini tapi tidak memiliki inisiatif untuk melakukan hal tersebut.

***

Kupandangi sosok itu. Hatiku gerimis. Rajutan perasaan yang membentuk simpul-simpul penyesalan menghampar dalam hatiku. Laksmi. Ia sedang duduk terdiam di bawah pohon mangga yang meneduhi halaman depan panti asuhan ini. Aku tidak ingin berkata banyak. Air mataku sudah cukup untuk membayar kata-kata yang seharusnya kuucap.

“Kak Ami, aku sudah bisa masak sayur sekarang,” suara Genta yang mendatangi Laksmi dengan tergopoh-gopoh.

“Wah, Genta memang hebat! Sayur apa Gen?”

“Sayur asam Kak!”

“Ajari Kakak dong cara masaknya,” pinta Laksmi.

“Memangnya Kakak bisa? Kan Kakak nggak bisa melihat,” jawab Genta polos. Jantungku seakan remuk mendengar ucapan bocah lima tahun itu. Aku tidak bisa membayangkan bagaimana pedihnya perasaan Laksmi mendengar kata-kata tersebut. Pasti melebihi sakitnya dihantam halilintar yang menyambar di tengah hujan lebat.

“Genta, kok ngomongnya begitu! Kamu tahu nggak matamu itu…” Belum sempat kulanjutkan kata-kata, Laksmi langsung memotong pembicaraanku.

“Ya udah, sekarang Genta lanjutkan masaknya ya? Nanti kalau udah matang, kasih tahu Kakak. Kakak mau nyobain sayur asam buatan Genta!”

Seketika itu Genta menuju ke arah dapur. Kini hanya aku dan Laksmi di halaman depan ini. Aku tidak mengerti tentang apa yang harus kukatakan padanya. Aku sudah kehilangan semua kata. Kamus ketatabahasaan yang ada dalam otakku seakan kosong melompong.

“Sya, aku mohon! Berjanjilah untuk tidak pernah mengatakan rahasia ini! Aku mohon!” ucpaan Laksmi mencairkan kebekuan.

“Tapi Mi,” selaku.

“Sya, aku mendonorkan mataku untuk Genta bukan untuk mengharap belas kasihan apalagi pujian. Bukan Sya. Aku melakukan itu agar ia dapat melanjutkan masa depannya yang masih panjang. Aku ingin dia bisa tersenyum mengisi masa kecilnya. Dan aku senang karena bisa bermanfaat baginya, sekalipun awalnya aku sempat pesimis apa mataku cocok dengan mata kecilnya itu. Hingga akhirnya keajaiban pun menjawab. Dan aku… aku tidak menyesali sedikitpun tindakanku ini.”

Aku terdiam. Aku tidak tahu harus berkata apa lagi. Yang hadir dalam pikiranku saat ini hanya satu pertanyaan, kenapa bukan aku yang melakukan itu?

***

Aku pamit. Aku hendak pergi sebentar menuntaskan tugas Kuliah Kerja Nyata di Sulawesi. Sebenarnya ini teramat berat bagiku. Dengan kondisi Laksmi yang kini tidak seperti dulu, aku khawatir anak-anak Panti Asuhan Cinta Saudara akan kerepotan melakukan aktivitas hariannya. Semenjak Laksmi memutuskan mendonorkan kedua matanya untuk Genta, rasanya akulah orang yang paling diharapkan oleh anak-anak itu dari sisi tenaga. Laksmi sudah tidak memungkinkan untuk sekedar memasak, berbelanja kebutuhan bulanan, atau mengajak mereka berolah raga.

“Maafkan aku Mi, seandainya ibuku tidak memaksaku untuk segera mengambil KKN ini aku rela tidak pernah KKN selamanya,” ucapku sebelum pamit berangkat ke tempat KKN, malam nanti.

“Tidak apa-apa Sya. Jalankan amanah ibumu dengan baik. Aku yakin, beliau menyuruhmu begitu semata-mata untuk kebaikanmu. Percayalah itu,” tukasnya bijak.

“Aku… aku… aku janji Mi, aku akan kembali kesini. Aku akan menemani kalian lagi setelah KKN-ku ini selesai. Aku janji,” sambungku dengan nada terbata.

“Aku percaya Sya! Aku percaya padamu. Aku yakin kau akan merindukan anak-anak panti asuhan ini. Tapi, aku mohon kamu tidak usah terlalu mengkhawatirkan kami. Lakukanlah yang terbaik ditempat KKN-mu. Bantu masyarakat disana agar bisa keluar dari permasalahannya. Aku percaya kamu bisa Sya.” Ucapan Laksmi itu memberikan satu keyakinan utuh padaku. Karena itu aku akan melakukan ini dengan sebaik-baiknya. Aku berjanji.

Kudekap satu persatu wajah-wajah polos itu. Air mataku berderai. Ini untuk kesekian kali aku menangis. Menangis karena keadaan yang memaksaku untuk itu. Kubelai rambut halus bocah-bocah itu dengan belian kasih sayang. Sesekali di antara mereka menangis di pundakku. Aku basah dalam linangan air mata.

Aku bisa merasakan tangisan di benak Laksmi. Ia menangis. Namun, ia tidak mau menampakkannya pada kami. Ia terlalu tegar untuk hanya menampakkan segala keluhnya di hadapan orang lain.

Kulambaikan tangan pada mereka. Gerimis cairan bening kesedihan belum juga reda dari sudut mataku. Ada seberkas cahaya yang kugenggam dari pancaran kesedihan mereka. Aku harus kembali setelah ini. Aku tidak boleh meninggalkan anak-anak itu setelah ini. Dan aku pun tidak ingin meninggalkamu, Laksmi.

***

Kubawa dua tenteng plastik berisi oleh-oleh khas Sulawesi. Senyumku mengembang lebar. Aku sudah tidak sabar ingin menjumpai wajah-wajah polos itu. Wajah Genta, Ana, Fajar, Rama, Ratna, dan yang lainnya, tanpa terkecuali Laksmi. Sejujurnya aku merindukannya pula. Bahkan sangat merindukannya.

Aku yakin mereka sangat senang menyambut kedatanganku. Apalagi dengan oleh-oleh sebanyak ini. Aku sengaja membawa oleh-oleh sebanyak ini untuk mereka. Tiap anak telah kujatah satu oleh-oleh. Mau tidak mau aku harus membawa tiga puluh delapan oleh-oleh untuk mereka. Oh tidak, maksudku tiga puluh sembilan. Yang satu, khusus untuk Laksmi. Sebuah cincin emas. Aku bermaksud meminangnya. Aku tidak ingin membiarkannya berkubang dalam dunia gelap. Aku ingin membawa cahaya bagi kehidupannya.

Seperempat jam lamanya kukendarai sepeda motor yang kubeli dari hasil keringatku sebagai asisten dosen dan editor majalah remaja. Aku sudah tidak sabar untuk sampai ke Panti Asuhan Cinta Saudara.

Pegal juga tubuhku berada di atas sepeda motor hampir setengah jam lamanya. Sekarang aku sudah tiba di depan Panti Asuhan Cinta Saudara. Namun…

Pandanganku terasa asing dengan suasana ini. Panti asuhan ini sudah tidak berbentuk lagi. Atapnya sudah tidak ada. Temboknya pun gosong.

“Cari apa Mas?” tanya seorang ibu muda berambut lurus panjang membuyarkan keherananku.

“Pa… panti asuhan,” jawabku terbata.

“Oh Panti Asuhan ini sudah tidak ditempati lagi. Sudah hampir satu bulan semenjak kebakaran yang meludeskan hampir seluruh isinya,” jawab ibu itu lancar. Jawaban itu membuat bulu kudukku merinding. Pikiranku berkicau entah kemana. Aku seperti berada dialam lain yang tidak kumengerti. Semua gelap.

***

“Kak… Kak…! Kak Asya! Bangun Kak!”

Mataku perlahan terbuka. Samar-samar kulihat wajah-wajah polos itu menganga di hadapanku. Aku masih belum tahu sedang berada di mana sekarang.

“Kak! Ini aku Genta!”

“Genta,” ucapku tertatih.

“Iya Kak! Kakak sekarang di rumah baru kita.”

“Rumah baru…” Aku masih belum bisa sepenuhnya kembali ke alam sadarku. Ucapan ibu muda tadi membuatku terpukul begitu dalam. Seperti terpersosok ke dalam jurang yang tidak berujung.

“Iya Kak! Kita sudah punya rumah baru,” tegas Genta.

“Setelah kebakaran yang melanda rumah kita yang dulu, kami sekarang dipindah kesini Kak,” sambar Ari menjelaskan.

Sedikit demi sedikit aku bisa menemui titik kesadaranku. Aku merasa lebih tenang setelah mendengar ucapan Ari tersebut.

“Kok Kakak bisa di sini?” tanyaku penasaran masih dengan nada tertatih.

“Tadi sewaktu Kakak pingsan, Bu Tita bersama beberapa warga komplek ini membawa Kakak ke sini. Rumah ini nggak terlalu jauh kok Kak dari rumah kita yang lama,” terang Abas yang sedari tadi mengipas-ngipasiku.

“Ini rumah kita?” tanyaku kembali.

“Ayahnya Kak Ami yang membelikannya untuk kita Kak! Ternyata beliau juga sangat baik seperti Kak Ami,” sambut Rama menyambung.

Laksmi, sedari tadi aku belum melihat sosoknya sedikit pun. Di mana dia? Aku ingin segera bertemu dengannya. Menatap wajahnya yang meneduhkan hati.

“Kak Laksmi di mana?” tanyaku dengan sejuta penasaran yang menguntai dalam hati.

Semua tertunduk. Tidak ada satu pun di antara mereka yang membuka mulut. Aku tidak mengerti diam mereka. Apa aku salah berkata?

“Kak Laksmi di mana?” tanyaku kembali. Bukan jawaban yang kudapat, tapi senandung tangis yang justru bergema. Aku semakin tidak mengerti dengan situasi ini. Kucoba membuang jauh semua perasaan buruk yang mencoba menerobos pikiran positifku.

“Kak Laksmi meninggal Kak!” ujar Fajar dengan isak tak terbendung.

***

Kamis, 13 Februari 2004.

Hari ini sejarah kesedihan itu bermula. Aku sedang memulai sejarah kesedihanku yang aku tidak pernah tahu kapan akan berakhir.

Dia. Laksmi. Wanita yang bagiku seperti malaikat itu telah meninggalkan kami untuk selamanya. Ia membawa medali kepahlawan dalam pembaringan terakhirnya. Ia meninggal hanya karena ingin menyelamatkan seorang anak yang tidak ada hubungan darah dengannya sedikitpun, dari kobaran api. Ia meninggal dengan membawa senyum kepuasan hidup. Ia telah membelanjakan hidupnya demi seutas keceriaan di wajah bocah-bocah polos itu.

Dan kini, aku sendiri. Membawa setangkai kata yang belum sempat kuucap padanya hingga hari ini. Laksmi, semoga di alam sana kau bisa merasakan degup jantungku yang membuncah dalam kesedihan ini. Semoga, kau pun bisa merasakan tiga kata yang ingin kuutarakan padamu sejak lama.

Selamat jalan Peri. Selamat jalan Malaikat Pelipur Lara. Semoga Tuhan membalas semua pengorbananmu dengan tempat terindahNya di surga.

Surat Untukmu

Dalam sepi kucoba renungi
Makna segala perkataanmu
Kucoba ‘tuk ambil hikmahnya
Kucoba tersenyum pada nasib

Kau ingkari hatimu
Demi ‘tuk raih sebuah harapan
Dalam kecewa kukagumi dirimu
Bulan pun sembunyi malam ini

Pengorbanan seorang perawan
Yang dulu pernah bersinar
Biarkan mereka menyerang
Biarkan mereka hancurkan

Izinkan pena ini menari
Untuk goreskan kata-kata cinta
Dalam lembaran hatimu
Hati yang pernah jadi miliku

Semua logika akan memudar
Ketika sang waktu mulai berpacu
Tertawalah bersamaku malam ini
Kita bangkitkan masa lalu yang hampir mati

Masihkah kau menagih janji
Kepada mimpi yang tak pasti
Masihkah kau menangis tersedu
Saat sepi menemanimu

Kesederhanaan sang perawan
Tinggal kenangan dalam kisah
Indahmu ‘kan kusimpan
Sampai akhir nafasku… Cinta

Makalah Literature

• What is Literature?

Most definitions of literature have been criterial definitions, definitions based on a list of

criteria which all literary works must meet. However, more current theories of meaning

take the view that definitions are based on prototypes: there is broad agreement about

good examples that meet all of the prototypical characteristics, and other examples are

related to the prototypes by family resemblance. For literary works, prototypical

characteristics include careful use of language, being written in a literary genre (poetry,

prose fiction, or drama), being read aesthetically, and containing many weak

implicatures.

People may perceive a difference between "literature" and some popular forms of written work. The terms "literary fiction" and "literary merit" serve to distinguish between individual works. Critics may exclude works from the classification "literature," for example, on the grounds of a poor standard ofgrammar and syntax, of an unbelievable or disjointed story-line, or of inconsistent or unconvincingcharacters. Genre fiction (for example: romance, crime, or science fiction) may also become excluded from consideration as "literature."

http://www.und.edu/dept/linguistics/wp/1997Meyer.PDF

• History of Literature
Literature and writing, though obviously connected, are not synonymous. The very first writings from ancient Sumer by any reasonable definition do not constitute literature—the same is true of some of the early Egyptian hieroglyphics or the thousands of logs from ancient Chinese regimes. Scholars have always disagreed concerning when written record-keeping became more like "literature" than anything else; the definition is largely subjective.
Moreover, it must be borne in mind that, given the significance of distance as a cultural isolator in earlier centuries, the historical development of literature did not occur at an even pace across the world. The problems of creating a uniform global history of literature are compounded by the fact that many texts have been lost over the millennia, either deliberately, by accident, or by the total disappearance of the originating culture. Much has been written, for example, about the destruction of the Library of Alexandria in the 1st century BC, and the innumerable key texts which are believed to have been lost forever to the flames. The deliberate suppression of texts (and often their authors) by organisations of either a spiritual or a temporal nature further shrouds the subject.


A stone tablet containing part of the Epic of Gilgamesh
Certain primary texts, however, may be isolated which have a qualifying role as literature's first stirrings. Very early examples are Epic of Gilgamesh, in its Sumerian version predating 2000 BC, and the Egyptian Book of the Dead written down in thePapyrus of Ani in approximately 250 BC but probably dates from about the 18th century BC. Ancient Egyptian literature was not included in early studies of the history of literature because the writings of Ancient Egypt were not translated into European languages until the 19th century when the Rosetta stone was deciphered.
Many texts handed down by oral tradition over several centuries before they were fixed in written form are difficult or impossible to date. The core of the Rigveda may date to the mid 2nd millennium BC. The Pentateuch is traditionally dated to the 15th century, although modern scholarship estimates its oldest part to date to the 10th century BC at the earliest.
Homer's Iliad and Odyssey date to the 8th century BC and mark the beginning of Classical Antiquity. They also stand in an oral tradition that stretches back to the late Bronze Age.
Indian śruti texts post-dating the Rigveda (such as the Yajurveda, the Atharvaveda and the Brahmanas), as well as the HebrewTanakh and the mystical collection of poems attributed to Lao Tze, the Tao te Ching, date to the Iron Age, but their dating is difficult and controversial. The great Hindu epics were also transmitted orally, likely predating the Maurya period.
Other oral traditions were fixed in writing much later, such as theElder Edda, written down in the 12th or 13th century.
There are various candidates for the first novel ever written.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_literature



• The Kinds of Symbol

Color Symbolism Chart
Excitement, energy, passion, love, desire, speed, strength, power, heat, aggression, danger, fire, blood, war, aggression, violence, all things intense and passionate.
Pink symbolizes love, romance, and excitement
Beige and ivory symbolize unification. Ivory symbolizes quiet and pleasantness. Beige symbolizes calm and simplicity.
Joy, happiness, betrayal, optimism, idealism, imagination, hope, sunshine, summer, gold, philosophy, dishonesty, cowardice, jealousy, covetousness, deceit, illness, hazard.
Peace, tranquility, cold, calm, stability, harmony, unity, trust, truth, confidence, conservatism, security, cleanliness, order, loyalty, sky, water, technology, depression, appetite suppressant.
Turquoise symbolizes calm. Teal symbolizes sophistication. Aquamarine symbolizes water. Lighter turquoise has a feminine appeal.
Royalty, nobility, spirituality, ceremony, mysterious, transformation, wisdom, enlightenment, cruelty, arrogance, mourning.
Lavender symbolizes femininity, grace and elegance.
Energy, balance, enthusiasm, warmth, vibrant, expansive, flamboyant, demanding of attention.
Nature, environment, healthy, good luck, renewal, youth, spring, generosity, fertility, jealousy, inexperience, envy, misfortune, vigor.
Earth, stability, hearth, home, outdoors, reliability, comfort, endurance, simplicity, and comfort.
Security, reliability, intelligence, staid, modesty, dignity, maturity, solid, conservative, practical, old age, sadness, boring. Silver symbolizes calm.
Reverence, purity, birth, simplicity, cleanliness, peace, humility, precision, innocence, youth, winter, snow, good, sterility, marriage (Western cultures), death (Eastern cultures), cold, clinical, sterile.
Power, sexuality, sophistication, formality, elegance, wealth, mystery, fear, evil, unhappiness, depth, style, evil, sadness, remorse, anger, anonymity, underground, good technical color, mourning, death (Western cultures).

Eastern World:
Marriage: White and pink are favorite just as in the western world.
Green: Eternity, family, harmony, health, peace, posterity
Happiness: Red
Helpful: Gray
Wealth: Blue, gold and purple
White: Children, helpful people, marriage,
mourning, peace, purity, travel
Gold: Strength, wealth
Evil or sadness- Just like in the western world- black.




ALL-SEEING EYE: A universal symbol representing spiritual sight, inner vision, higher knowledge, insight into occult mysteries. Look at your $1 bill.
EYE in top Triangle of the PYRAMID: Masonic symbol for the all-seeing eye of god - an mystical distortion of the omniscient (all-knowing) Biblical God. You can find it on the $1 bill. See triangle, Eye of Horus, the Franklin Institute website, and the symbol for the U.S. government's new Total Information Awareness (TIA) System. See also The Revolutionary Roots of the UN


ALCHEMY 1: This simple 17th century "sign" illustrates the blending of geometric shapes, elemental symbols and astrological signs. Each part representing the various "elements" and forces needed for magical work in the quest for physical transformation and spiritual illumination and immortality. Many medieval alchemists based their philosophies on mystical traditions rooted in the Kabbala (Jewish mysticism),Hermetic magic and the occult practices of ancient civilizations such as Egypt and China. See Philosopher's stone and phoenix. Compare it with the next symbol:


ALCHEMY 2: This compound "magical-alchemical symbol" replaces the above triangle with a hexagram and adds more shapes within the magical circle: a cross [in this context it become an occult counterfeit) and an additional circle with the Hindu "Bindu" (dot in the center) at the bottom of the hexagram.

AMULET: A magic charm (such as this little Navajo bear earring), worn to bring good luck and protection against illness, accidents and evil forces. Don't believe it! [See Establishing a Global Spirituality]


ANARCHY: Popular among school aged children today, this symbol for anarchy fits the message that pervades the most popular video games, role-playing games, movies and television. The lines of the "A" often extend outside the circle. To many satanists and other fast-growing occult groups it represents their slogan, "do what thou wilt." A former occultist explained that it represents the ASMODEAS: a demonic force driving teenagers toward sexual perversion and suicide.

ANKH: An Egyptian cross symbolizing a mythical eternal life, rebirth, and the life-giving power of the sun.

ANGEL: Symbol of good and evil spirits in religions around the world. This picture shows a Tibetan guardian angel. For a comparison between Biblical angels and occult angels read Chapter 8 in A Twist of Faith. For a summary, see Touched by an Angel.



ARROW: These two pictures shows the astrological sign for the archer (Sagittarius) -- part of the zodiac. But, through history, the arrow has also symbolized war, power, swiftness, the rays of the sun, knowledge... as well as deities such as the Greek god Apollo and goddess Artemis (both hunters), the Hindu weather god,Rudra; and various gods of sexual attraction: Eros (Greek), Cupid (Roman), Kama (Hindu).... On ancient Roman coins, it represented the Zoroastrian god, Mithra. The native American Cheyenne warriors revered the "sacred medicine arrows" as symbols of male power. Arrows held by skeletons would point to disease or death. Today, they usually just point in the preferred direction.

Crystal (Gazing) BALL: Used for divination (fortunetelling, scrying, clairvoyance...). When the heavy crystal balls were too expensive, witches often used glass-ball fishing floats, colored glass balls, or magic mirrors. One website that markets these balls beckons: 'Why not buy one and try your own free psychic reading."

BAT: A symbol of good fortune in the East, it represented demons and spirits in medieval Europe.

BUTTERFLY: Reminds Christians of the amazing transformation that takes place through Christ's redemption and regeneration. When "born again," we become "a new creation." (2 Cor. 5:17) To many pagans, its mythical meaning is linked to the soul (of the deceased) in search of reincarnation. See the new, politically correct meaning at Butterfly 208: "There's a theory that says if a single butterfly flaps its wings in, say, China, the air disturbance may cause a storm in Nunavut, Canada a month later. If that's the case, imagine the power of your own ideas and others to help improve the quality of life in the world's 208 countries! The Butterfly 208 contest is a chance for you to create your own Butterfly effect! 208 = Number of Countries in the World Butterfly + 208 = A totally interconnected world! A world where even small actions can have a big effect."

"Sacred" BULL (Egyptian idol): These ancient Egyptian idols -- once worshipped as manifestations of gods -- are being revived. We have deleted a smaller (commercial) bull with horns resemble a crescent moon supporting the divine sun disc. Some suggest that this combination -- like the Chinese yin yang -- may symbolize a mythical duality: a union of opposites such as light/dark, sun/moon, life/death, and male/female.
God told His people long ago, "Do not defile yourselves with the idols of Egypt." But they ignored His warning and faced devastating consequences for refusing to "cast away the abominations which were before their eyes." (Ez. 20:7-8)

CIRCLE (sun disc, sacred hoop, ring): An ancient and universal symbol of unity, wholeness, infinity, the goddess, female power, and the sun. To earth-centered religions throughout history as well as to many contemporary pagans, it represents the feminine spirit or force, the cosmos or a spiritualized Mother Earth, and a sacred space. (See next item) Gnostic traditions linked the unbroken circle to the "world serpent" forming a circle as it eats its own tail. (See serpent)


CIRCUMPUNCT - CIRCLE with DOT (BINDU) in the center: It represents the sun and a sun god (called Ra in Egypt), gold (as in alchemy), an (unbiblical) archangel (Kabbalah), emotional restraint (Freemasons), and the creative spark of divine consciousness within people linking everyone to the creative mind of a universal "god" thus making each persona "co-creator" (astrology). In the complex symbolic system of Hinduism and Buddhism, the bindu (dot) represents the male force. Together, the circle and the bindu symbolize the spiritual merging of male and female forces. (See Sun Sign and the above explanation for CIRCLE)


Masonic COMPASS: The Masonic symbol of the compass and the T-square represents movement toward perfection and a balance between the spiritual and physical which resembles Egyptian and oriental mysticism. The compass (used to form circles) represent spirit. The ruler (part of a square) represent the physical. Some public schools pass out pencil cases and other gifts decorated with this emblem.

COW: It symbolized the sky goddess Hathor to Egyptians, enlightenment to Buddhists, one of the highest and holiest stages of transmigration (reincarnation) to Hindus.

Double-headed EAGLE: A Masonic seal and initiation symbol. The number inside the pyramid over the eagle's head is 33. The eagle is a universal symbol representing the sun, power, authority, victory, the sky gods and the royal head of a nation.

DOVE: Peace. It sometimes accompanies other symbols occasionally representing the world's vision of universal peace, such as the rainbow, olive branch, broken cross (see peace), globe, and Egyptian ankh. See Peace and Culture of Peace, which tells us that "'The CULTURE OF PEACE Initiative' is a United Nations-designated 'Peace Messenger Initiative' - with Participants in all the world's regions."
In the Bible, the Holy Spirit is, for a moment, made visible as a different kind of dove. It tells us that"Jesus also was baptized; and while He prayed, the heaven was opened. And the Holy Spirit descended in bodily form like a dove upon Him, and a voice came from heaven which said, 'You are My beloved Son; in You I am vwell pleased.'” Luke 3:21-22


DRAGON : A mythical monster made up of many animals: serpent, lizard, bird, lion... It may have many heads and breath fire. To mediaeval Europe, it was dangerous and evil, but people in Eastern Asia believe it has power to help them against more hostile spiritual forces. In the Bible it represents Satan, the devil.

DREAMCATCHER : An American Indian magic spider-web inside a sacred circle. After making dreamcatchers in crafts lessons in school, many children hang them on or near their beds. They have been told that these occult symbols will block bad dreams but allow good dreams to pass through the center. Don't believe that myth! [See New Beliefs for a Global Village]


ELEMENTS: The four basic elements to many pagans are earth, water, air (wind or spirit) and fire. Many consider the first two passive and feminine - and the last two active and masculine. In Wiccan or Native American rituals, the "quartered circle" (also the Medicine Wheel) represents a "sacred space" or the sacred earth. The four lines may represent the spirits of the four primary directions or the spirits of the earth, water, wind and fire.
(This set of elements differs from those used in alchemy.)


EVIL EYE: The symbol of a dreadful, fabled curse (believed to bring sickness, death, bad luck loss...). This "evil eye" has frightened people in many parts of the world through the centuries. Here it looks like a female eye on the "Hand of Fatima," but its shape varies with the culture.


EYE OF HORUS: A favorite crafts project in schools, it represents the eye of Egyptian sun-god Horus who lost an eye battling Set. Pagans use it as a charm to ward off evil. (See All-Seeing Eye)
Notice that the picture shows a compound symbol - several symbols joined together to give a more complex meaning. It includes an unbiblical cross and, at the bottom, part of a face inside the rays of the sun. (SeeSun)

FLEUR-DE-LIS: Also called Lily of France, it was first an adaptation of the Gaulish lily representing the Virgin Juno. Among goddess worshippers, it apparently had several meanings, including the Triple Goddess. It appeared in Arthurian legends as well as on the French (and other national) "coat-of-arms" and royal or military emblems. It has also been an emblem for the Boy Scouts.

FROG: A symbol of fertility to many cultures. The Romans linked it to Aphrodite, the Egyptian to the shape-shifting goddess Heket who would take the form of a frog. To the Chinese, it symbolized the moon -- "the lunar, yin principle" bringing healing and prosperity.[1] Since frogs need watery places, their image was often used in occult rain charms.

HAND OF FATIMA (daughter of Muhammad) or KHAMSA (five): Many Muslims believe that the image of the hand with an eye in the center will protect them from the "evil eye." While this symbol often appears on magical charms, amulets, and jewelry, it is seen in many other places. See a similar image painted next to the main door to a home here. This Khamsa seems to be the same as the Jewish Hasma(below). Many serious Muslims view this as folklore or superstition. See comments, corrections and explanations HERE. Compare it with the next symbol:

HAND OF FATIMA or HAMSA (five): Jewish versions of the supposed "hand" of protection (above) from "evil eye" (Some expect protection from demons and sorcerers as well). During the Israelites' exile in Babylonian, some began to blend Old Testament beliefs with Babylonian myths and mysticism. Such syncretism continued through the centuries. One of its manifestations was the mystical Kabbalah -- the heart of many streams of modern occultism (including the Order of the Golden Dawn and other secret societies, Tarot cards and divination, etc.)


HAND OF... what? Native American version of two above symbols. Found on a flat, round sandstone disk during the excavation of an old Indian mound in Alabama, its original meaning is lost. Perhaps it was used in rituals preparing for tribal wars.

LIGHTNING BOLT: In ancient mythologies from many cultures (Norse, Roman, Greek, Native American, etc.) the lighting bolt would be hurled by male sky gods to punish, water, or fertilize the earth or its creatures. Navajo myths linked it to the Thunderbird, the symbol of salvation and divine gifts. On children's toys, it represents supernatural power. Double bolts, popular with contemporary skinheads, symbolize Nazi power.

LION: An ancient symbol of the sun, dominion, power, ferocity and bravery, the "king of the beasts" was often used on heraldic shields, flags or banners by medieval European rulers. In Tarot cards, an occult system of divination based on the Kabala, it symbolized strength or power. In ancient mythology it was identified with sun worship and the imagined power of both gods and godesses. The lion head ringed by its golden mane would used in ancient mystery initiations and ritualistic sun worship.
While pagan nations used it to represent their mythical views of reality, the lion was created by God. In the Bible, we see how He used it for His purposes.

Magic MIRROR: Used for "scrying" (foretelling the future, solve problems, answer questions....) The preferred spectrum might decorated with "magic signs" during full moon rituals. Rosemary Ellen Guiley explains: "The ancient art of clairvoyance achieved by concentrating upon an object-- usually one with a shiny surface-- until visions appear....The term scrying comes from the English words descry which means 'to make out dimly' or 'to reveal." The Encyclopedia of Witches and Witchcraft, 307.

MANDALA: The Hindu term for circle. In Hindu and Buddhist meditations, it is used to raise consciousness. In meditation, the person fixes his or her mind on the center of the "sacred circle." Geometric designs are common. The center of some mandalas show a triangle with a bindu (dot) inside a circle. It represents the merging of male and female forces.

MASONS (Freemasons): The Masonic symbol of the compass and the T-square represents movement toward perfection and a balance between the spiritual and physical which resembles Egyptian and oriental mysticism. The compass (used to form circles) represent spirit. The ruler (part of a square) represent the physical. Some public schools pass out pencil cases and other gifts decorated with this emblem. See All-Seeing Eye, Eye of Horus, and Dreamcatcher. Read "Masonic Centers are dream catchers," then "Brotherhood of Darkness" by Dr. Stan Monteith.


MASK: Used by pagans around the world to represent animal powers, nature spirits, or ancestral spirits. In pagan rituals, the wearer may chant, dance and enter a trance in order to contact the spirit world and be possessed by the spirit represented by the mask. The mask pictured represents the mythical Hindu elephant god, Ganesha.

MEDICINE SHIELD: A round shield decorated with personal symbols or pictures of the animal spirit(s) contacted on a Spirit Quest or through a classroom visualization simulating an American Indian ceremony. Its basic image is often the form of the "medicine wheel" or quartered circle. [See The Earth Charter's Unholy Ark]


MERMAID: Based on ancient myths in India, Greece, Syria, Africa and other parts of the world. Seen by some cultures as sea goddesses, these seductive beings guarded treasures, frightened travelers, and were eventually featured in alchemy and other occult practices as well as in fairy tales. By medieval times, the alluring Sirens of Homer's days had apparently evolved into a promiscuous split-tailed versions that symbolized mystical sex to alchemists and secret societies. German legends describe a mystical Nixie -- a fish-tailed female water spirits, daughter of "Mother Night." In our times, the more benign fairy tales of Hans Christian Andersen and Disney Studios have generally erased any cultural memory of those occult roots.

OM: Sanskrit letters or symbol for the "sacred" Hindu sound om (ohm or aum) called "the mother of all mantras. Apparently, the four parts symbolize four stages of consciousness: Awake, sleeping, dreaming, and a trance or transcendental state. [See Heresy in high places]


PHILOSOPHERS STONE: The symbol for the Alchemist quest for transformation and spiritual illumination, it was also the British title of the first Harry Potter book (the U.S. publisher changed it to Sorcerer's Stone). The double-headed eagle in the center is a Masonic seal. See also the Phoenix.


PHOENIX: A universal symbol of the sun, mystical rebirth, resurrection and immortality, this legendary red "fire bird" was believed to die in its self-made flames periodically (each hundred years, according to some sources) then rise again out of its own ashes. Linked to the worship of the fiery sun and sun gods such as Mexico's Quetzalcoatl, it was named "a god of Phoenecia" by the Phoenician. To alchemists, it symbolized the the destruction and creation of new forms of matter along the way to the ultimate transformation: physical (turn lead into gold) and spiritual (immortality - an occult alternative to the Christian salvation). Thephilosopher's stone was considered the key to this transformation.

SCARAB: Symbol of the rising sun, the Egyptian sun god Chepri (or Khepera), and protection from evil. To ancient Egyptians, the dung beetle rolled its dung balls like Chepri rolled the sun across the sky. The "sacred" symbol adorned popular seals, amulets and magic charms (worn as protection against evil spirits or to overcome barreness) first in Egypt, then in Phoenicia, Greece and other Mediterranean lands. Medieval alchemists used its pattern in their magical diagrams.

SERPENT OR SNAKE: Most earth-centered or pagan cultures worshipped the serpent. It represents rebirth (because of its molting), protection against evil, either male of female sexuality, rain and fertility, a mediator between the physical and spiritual world.... It also represents female energy or lifeforce in goddess worship, sometimes linked to the eastern Kundalini force or a supposed "goddess within." The list of meanings is endless, but in the Bible it usually represents sin, temptation, destruction, and Satan. (See dragon) The circular image of the serpent biting its tail links the mythical significance of the serpent to that of the sacredcircle. See uroborus and spiral.


SPIDER: Linked to treachery and death in many cultures, it was seen as a "trickster" in ancient Africa, a "spinner of fate" in ancient goddess cultures and -- in ancient Greek myths -- the goddess Arachne turned into a spider by her jealous rival Athena. "Christian" cultures have linked it both to an evil force that sucked blood from its victims and to "good luck" because of the cross on the back of some species. The Chinese have welcomed the spider descending on its thread as a bringer of joys from heaven.

SPHINX: Ancient Egyptian and Babylonian guardian of sacred places --an idol with human head and a lion's body. The Greek sphinx would devour travelers who failed to answer her riddle. According to A New Encyclopedia of Freemasonry (by Arthur Waite, xii) the masonic sphinx "is the guardian of the Mysteries and isthe Mysteries summarized in a symbol. Their secret is the answer to her question. The initiate must know it or lose the life of the Mysteries. If he can and does answer, the Sphinx dies for him, because in his respect the Mysteries have given up their meaning." (An occult, counterfeit view of redemption) See www.srmason-sj.org/web/temple.htm


SPIRAL: Linked to the circle. Ancient symbol of the goddess, the womb, fertility, feminine serpent force, continual change, and the evolution of the universe. (Illustrated at this website) A common shape in nature (snail, shells, fingerprint...)
Double SPIRAL: Linked to earth-centered or mystical faith in a blend of evolution and devolution -- decay/renewal, life/death/rebirth, spiritual/physical -- the back and forth flow of earthly and cosmic changes. With its focus on the unity of opposites, it resembles the Yin Yang.


SQUARE: In contrast to the circle which often symbolizes the sacred and spiritual (including the "sacred" earth), the square represents the physical world. Like the quartered circle, it points pagans to the four compass directions: north, east, south and west. While the circle and spiral symbolize female sexuality in many earth-centered cultures, the square represents male qualities.

SUN FACE: The pictured image is part of an 18th century Masonic ritual painting, but it illustrates a symbol that has been central to most major spiritual systems of history. Since the sun god usually reigned over a pantheon of lesser gods. his symbol played a vital part in pagan worship (and in the rituals of occult secret societies) around the world. In Inca myths, the sun was worshipped as the divine ancestor of the nation. For links to more information, see Sun face in our Q&A section.


The TAO: An ancient Chinese symbol used originally to represent a widespread belief in unity, polarity, holism, and magic. See the Yin-Yang and read a longer definition in the Abolition of Man by C.S. Lewis, who suggested the Tao as an ethical system for our times.

TONGUE (protruding): Linked to flame, fire, fertility, sexual power and spiritual power. In nations around the world, images of deities or masks with protruding tongues have indicated active and occupying spiritual forces -- often a union of masculine and feminine spirits. Such images were vital to pagan rituals invoking [demonic] spirits. The sexual/spiritual forces represented by gargoyles with protruding tongues which adorned Gothic cathedrals were believed to protect the buildings from other spiritual powers.

TOTEM: Carved, painted representation of power animals or animal-human ancestors. To American Indians in the Northwest, who believe that all of nature has spiritual life, the animals in their totems poles represent the spiritual powers of animal protectors or ancestors.

UNICORN: To many New Agers, it means power, purification, healing, wisdom, self-knowledge, renewal and eternal life. Origin: In the 4th century BC, Greek historian Ctesias told about a wild animal with healing powers and a spiral horn on its forehead. Medieval myths suggested it could only be caught with help from a virgin who would befriend it.

UROBORUS: The circular serpent (yes, the circle represents a serpent with head in upper left corner) seen here) biting its own tail represents eternity and the cycles or "circle of life." Medieval alchemists linked it to the cyclical processes in nature. The uroborus pictured here (encircling the UN symbol for humanity seen inside a triangle) was the official symbol on for the 1996 United Nations Conference on Human Settlements pictured on all its literature. See (Habitat II). See other versions of the Uroborus at serpent.


WHEEL: A universal symbol of or cosmic unity, astrology, "the circle of life," evolution, etc. The pagan sacred circle plus any number of radiating spokes or petals form the wheel - a Wheel of Life to Buddhists, a Medicine Wheel to Native Americans, a Mandala to Hindus. It symbolizes unity, movement, the sun, the zodiac, reincarnation, and earth's cycles of renewal. Pagans use it in astrology, magic and many kinds of rituals. (See Medicine Wheel and Quartered Circle)
This SUN WHEEL became a magical amulet to the Celtic Gauls or Gaels in Europe. Later, "Christians adopted the form, changing it slightly, so that it became a Christ monogram drawn within a circle." [celticrevival.com]


Tibetan Prayer WHEELS: "devices for spreading spiritual blessings and well being. Rolls of thin paper, imprinted with many, many copies of the mantra (prayer) Om Mani Padme Hum... are wound around an axle in a protective container, and spun around and around. Tibetan Buddhists believe that saying this mantra, out loud or silently to oneself, invokes the powerful benevolent attention and blessings of Chenrezig, the embodiment of compassion." (From The Prayer Wheel)


WHEEL OF DHARMA: Buddhist wheel of life and reincarnation.

WISHBONE: Civilizations dating back to the 4th Century (Etruscans, Romans... Britain, America) have held turkey or chicken wishbone contest. Pulling the dry turkey or chicken bone until it snapped ("lucky break"), they believing the winner's wish or dream would come true. In today's increasingly superstitious culture, many believe that this symbol will "catch" their dreams, bring good luck, and make their wishes come true. As in contemporary witchcraft or magic, the object becomes a channel of "good" energy. Astrology and horoscopes link it to Saggitarius. It might also be confused with the Lambda (looks like a lower case, upside-down "y"), the Greek letter adopted by the International Gay Rights Congress in 1974 as the global symbol of homosexual "pride".

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO, a UN agency): This symbol points back to the days of Moses, when a dead serpent was displayed on a stake during the Israelites 40-year journey through the wilderness. Instead of trusting God, the people complained, so "the Lord sent fiery serpents among the people...and many...died." When they confessed their sin, God told Moses to "make a fiery serpent, and set it on a pole." Those who then looked at the bronze serpent on the stake with confidence in God's promise, were healed (Numbers 21:4-9). This became an illustration of the crucifixion through which Jesus bore the judgment we deserve for our sins. (See John 3:14) About 700 BC, faithful king Hezekiah 'broke in pieces the bronze serpent that Moses had made, since the people worshiped it as an idol and "burned incense to it." (2 King 18:1-5)
Brock Chisholm, the first head of WHO, showed his hatred for our God in a 1946 article in Psychiatry:"We have swallowed all manner of poisonous certainties fed us by our parents, our Sunday and dayschool teachers..." More here.


YIN YANG: A Chinese Tao picture of universal harmony and the unity between complimentary opposites: light/dark, male/female, etc. Yin is the dark, passive, negative female principle. Yang is the light, active, positive principle. Since the holistic balance between Yin and Yang is dynamic and constantly changing, it illustrates the consensus process, the vision of global unity, and the blending of opposing energies at the heart of Holistic Health.
Since it represent monism (all is one) and pantheism (all is God), it opposes Christianity, which shows us that there is only one God (monotheism), and only in Christ can we be one. See The Tao

COMPOUND SYMBOLS

ASTROLOGICAL CHART: used by medieval alchemists in divination. Notice the symbol of theintellect and of the planet (and Roman god) Mercury inside the center triangle. This triangle is surrounded by a hexagram and two smaller triangles positioned as male and female energy - and seven more concentric circles. Compound symbols within magical codes and names inside multiple circles have been used by occultists and sorcerers in many parts of the world. It is still used in African witchcraft.

All-seeing EYE in the PYRAMID: The official symbol for DARPA Total Information Awareness, a surveillance and information system established by they U.S. government. [See programs] Notice how themasonic all-seeing eye of the new world order covers the planet with its enlightening rays. [Sometime in December 2002, this symbol was removed from the TIA website. Perhaps too many people complained.See Federal database spy site fading away]


The GREAT SEAL (back side) of the United States of America: "An unfinished pyramid appears on the reverse of the seal, inscribed on its base with the date 1776 in Roman numerals. Where the top of the pyramid should be, the so-called eye of Providence watches over it. Two mottos appear: Annuit Cœptissignifies that somebody (presumably Providence) has "nodded at (our) beginnings". Novus Ordo Seclorum, a quotation from Virgil, refers to a "new order of the ages", i.e. a paradigm shift." Seewww.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Great-Seal-of-the-United-States


Click here
The GREAT SEAL of the United States of America: The design for this national emblem was completed in 1782. Some consider its occult and masonic images an American mission statement. The inscribed motto, E Pluribus Unum means "Out of many, one." The words Novus Ordo Seclorum mean "a new order of the ages," according to this website: www.greatseal.com. The two sides show the symbol of the eagle (first a phoenix) and the eye in the pyramid. See All-Seeing Eye & Eye of Horus & Great Seal. But the more correct meaning would be NEW WORLD ORDER [novous = new, ordo = order, seclorum = secular or world] See also www.greatseal.com & A More Perfect Union


The SEAL of the SENATE "...includes a scroll inscribed with E Pluribus Unum floating across a shield with thirteen stars on top and thirteen vertical stripes on the bottom. Olive and oak branches symbolizing peace and strength grace the sides of the shield, and a red liberty cap and crossed fasces represent freedom and authority. Blue beams of light emanate from the shield."www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Seal-of-the-United-States-Senate


Click here
FASCES: "...a bundle of wooden rods tied together as a cylinder around an axe. ... The fasces lictoriae ("bundles of the lictors") (in Italian, fascio littorio) symbolised power and authority (imperium) in ancient Rome." www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Fasces
See also http://www.livius.org/fa-fn/fasces/fasces.html










• The Old Poem
“A Sick Rose” by William Blake, 1794
Rose, thou art sick!
The invisible worm
That flies in the night,
In the howling storm,
Has found out thy bed
Of crimson joy:
And his dark secret love
Does thy life destroy.
“A Red, Red Rose” by Robert Burns, 1869
O, my luve’s like a red, red rose
That's newly sprung in June
O, my luve’s like the melodie
That's sweetly play’d in tune
As fair art thou, my bonie lass
So deep in luve am I
And I will luve thee still, my Dear
Till a' the seas gang dry
Till a' the seas gang dry, my Dear
And the rocks melt wi’ the sun!
O I will luve thee still, my Dear
While the sands o' life shall run
And fare the weel, my only love!
And fare the well awhile!
And I will come again, my love.
Tho it were ten thousand mile!
“One Perfect Rose” by Dorothy Parker, 1926
A single flow'r he sent me, since we met.
All tenderly his messenger he chose;
Deep-hearted, pure, with scented dew still wet —
One perfect rose.
I knew the language of the floweret;
“My fragile leaves,” it said, “his heart enclose.”
Love long has taken for his amulet
One perfect rose.
Why is it no one ever sent me yet
One perfect limousine, do you suppose?
Ah no, it's always just my luck to get
One perfect rose.

The Lanyard
Billy Collins
The other day as I was ricocheting slowly
off the blue walls of this room
bouncing from typewriter to piano
from bookshelf to an envelope lying on the floor,
I found myself in the “L” section of the dictionary
where my eyes fell upon the word, Lanyard.
No cookie nibbled by a French novelist
could send one more suddenly into the past.
A past where I sat at a workbench
at a camp by a deep Adirondack lake
learning how to braid thin plastic strips into a lanyard.
A gift for my mother.
I had never seen anyone use a lanyard.
Or wear one, if that’s what you did with them.
But that did not keep me from crossing strand over strand
again and again until I had made a boxy, red and white lanyard for my mother.
She gave me life and milk from her breasts,
and I gave her a lanyard
She nursed me in many a sick room,
lifted teaspoons of medicine to my lips,
set cold facecloths on my forehead
then led me out into the airy light
and taught me to walk and swim and I in turn presented her with a lanyard.
“Here are thousands of meals” she said,
“and here is clothing and a good education.”
“And here is your lanyard,” I replied,
“which I made with a little help from a counselor.”
“Here is a breathing body and a beating heart,
strong legs, bones and teeth and two clear eyes to read the world.” she whispered.
“And here,” I said, “is the lanyard I made at camp.”
“And here,” I wish to say to her now,
“is a smaller gift. Not the archaic truth,
that you can never repay your mother,
but the rueful admission that when she took the two-toned lanyard from my hands,
I was as sure as a boy could be
that this useless worthless thing I wove out of boredom
would be enough to make us even.”
















• Summary of Mettery

1. After learn about introduction literature I can conclude that literature is a describe of phoneme life or representation of life and art work
2. The product of literature are :
Novel
Poem
Movie
Drama, etc

3. structural literature is an one of elements in the literature
4. we know about stanzas that every poems have many meaning and when we learn its stanza
stanzas is a translation or hidden meanings in poetry and we can describe the impact study
5. we learn about symbol in poem and in the literature like : number, thing, name, colors,

Mae, Kitaro dan Yanni.

Vannesa Mae adalah sebuah fenomena yang amat menarik. Gadis remaja ini telah menghentak dunia dengan gesekan biolanya. Album pertamanya laris satu juta copy, dan diduga kesukesan akan juga mendatangi album keduanya, "Storm".

Apa yang menarik dari "badai" Vannesa Mae ini? Di tangannya, nomor-nomor klasik dari Vivaldi dan Bach menjadi berbeda. Dengan berani dia kawinkan tembang klasik tersebut dengan sentuhan modern. Lagu klasik dan lagu instrumental biasanya cenderung membuat kita mengantuk. Tapi energi dari Vannesa Mae telah merubah citra itu.

Kalau musik Vannesa Mae terasa "aneh" di telinga anda. Mungkin lagu-lagu dari Kitaro bisa mengobatinya. Kitaro yang pernah datang ke Jakarta ini (sayang saya tak punya uang untuk menonton konsernya) pandai menyayat hati perasaan pendengarnya dengan sentuhan tradisional. Kita bisa menangkap nuansa magis dan tradisionalis Jepang pada Kitaro.

Pemusik lain yang saya kagumi adalah Yanni. Pria berambut gondrong dan berkumis melintang ini membawakan lagunya dengan sentuhan modernis. Di dukung oleh kelompok orkestra yang luar biasa, Yanni memainkan lagu instrumentalnya dengan "menaruh jiwanya" di setiap lagu-lagunya.

Bagi saya ketiganya mewakili tiga kelompok di dunia saat ini. Kitaro mewakili mereka yang hendak melestarikan nuansa tradisional. Yanni menawarkan cita rasa modern, sedangkan Vannesa Mae mencoba menggabungkan unsur klasik dan modern sekaligus.

Ada satu kaidah terkenal, "pelihara nilai-nilai lama yang baik, sambil mengambil nilai-nilai baru yang lebih baik). Saya setuju dengan kaidah ini. Saya pun setuju dan menghargai keragaman warna musik yang dimainkan Mae, Yanni dan Kitaro.

Bukankah kita beruntung bisa mendengar warna musik yang beragam. Sayang, banyak yang memilih satu warna saja. Ada yang hanya memilih musik tradisional, ada yang merasa seleranya hanya bisa dipuaskan oleh nuansa modern. Ada yang senang dengan gabungan keduanya. Ada juga mereka yang sudah merasa senang dengan satu warna musik saja, lantas emoh mendengar warna musik lain.

Untung saja, tidak seperti "warna-warna" kelompok dalam Islam, saya belum mendengar penggemar musik saling "kafir-mengkafirkan" hanya karena berbeda pilihan dan berbeda selera. Bagi orang lain, masalahnya musik dan agama memang berbeda. Saya maklum hal itu. Tetapi, bukankah orang lain punya hak untuk berbeda dengan kita, baik berbeda dalam selera musik maupun berbeda dalam menjalankan apa yang kita yakini. Mari kita hormati hak tersebut.

Sekilas Soal Mazhab

Mazhab sebenarnya mempunyai dua arti yaitu pendapat dan/atau metode. Sayangnya, umat Islam menganggap mazhab ini sebagai "organisasi" yang kalau sudah masuk ke sana tidak boleh keluar lagi dan tidak boleh mencampuradukkan keanggotan dalam "organisasi" tersebut.

Dengan demikian kata-kata "apakah setiap orang harus bermazhab" harus dibaca "apakah setiap orang harus memiliki pendapat dan/atau metode dalam Islam?" Tentu saja tidak harus! Orang awam tidak harus bermazhab. Orang awam bebas memilih pendapat mana saja yang ia sukai. Kaidah mengatakan al-aami la mazhaba lahu (orang awam itu tidak bermazhab)

Soal pindah-pindah mazhab, sebenarnya kita harus membedakan antara:

a. mentarjih pendapat ulama

b. mencampuradukkan berbagai mazhab (talfiq)

c. pindah mazhab secara total.

Saya bahas satu persatu (meski cuma sekilas):

a. mentarjih pendapat ulama

Buka saja kitab fiqh yang manapun (asalkan kitab fiqh standard), akan kita temui beragam pendapat ulama dalam satu kasus. Uniknya, jangankan antara satu mazhab dengan mazhab lain, malah kadang-kadang di dalam satu mazhab saja terdapat keragaman pendapat. Contohnya, Imam Abu Yusuf seringkali berbeda dengan Imam Abu Hanifah. Kalau buat kalangan pesantren yang pernah membaca buku karya Qalyubi wa Humairah (atau juga dikenal dengan nama Hasyiyatani atau dikenal juga dengan nama al-Mahalli) akan mendapati bahwa kitab bermazhab Syafi'i itu menampilkan sejumlah pendapat berbeda dalam mazhab syafi'i. Seringkali Imam Nawawi berbeda dengan Imam Ramli, dan lainnya.

Nah, untuk melakukan tarjih pengarang kitab tersebut menggunakan istilah al-azhar, al-ashah, de el el. (lebih jelasnya silahkan buka sendiri kitab al-Mahalli itu).

Mentarjih pendapat ulama itu merupakan pekerjaan yang nggak sembarangan. Kita harus tahu betul pendapat para ulama dan dalil-dalilnya lalu kita teliti masing-masing argument baru kemudian kita tentukan mana pendapat yang paling kuat (tarjih). Ahli tarjih harus memiliki kualifikasi yang mumpuni-lah...:)

b. mencampuradukkan mazhab (talfiq)

Kalau yang ini, biasanya yang jadi ramai tak berkesudahan adalah soal "plin-plan". Pangkal masalahnya, berbeda dengan tarjih yang didasari argumen yang kuat, maka talfiq ini sama sekali bukan berdasarkan argumentasi yg kuat, tapi berdasarkan "selera" untuk cari yang mudah-mudah. Dan ini dilakukan oleh orang awam. (berbeda dengan point a yang dilakukan oleh ulama ahli tarjih)

Sebenarnya para ulama berbeda pendapat dalam hal talfiq (pusing nggak tuh soal comot sana-sini pendapat ulama juga menimbulkan perbedaan pendapat para ulama). Ada dua titik ekstrem: pertama, sejumlah ulama tidak memperbolehkan sikap plin-plan itu. Kedua, sejumlah ulama membolehkan bersikap plin-plan meskipun berdasarkan niat untuk mencari yang gampang-gampang saja. Ketiga, ulama yang ditengah-tengah bersikap: harus dilihat dulu dalam kasus apa dan apakah para Imam yang dicomot itu tidak saling membatalkan.

Sebagai contoh: Saya berwudhu dengan menggunakan mazhab syafi'i, namun ketika bersentuhan dengan wanita bukan mahram, saya pindah ke mazhab hanafi. Buat ulama pertama tentu saja ini tidak boleh. Buat ulama kedua tentu saja boleh-boleh saja-lah...:) Buat ulama yang ketiga, kasus seperti soal wudhu tadi itu tidak boleh, karena dia wudhu dengan cara syafi'i, dipandang tidak sah di mata hanafi, dia batal wudhu dengan hanafi, dipandang tidak sah oleh syafi'i. Jadi, akhirnya dia melakukan satu perbuatan yang masing-masing mazhab tidak mensahkannya. Nah, yang boleh menurut ulama ini adalah kalau perbuatan yang satu dengan yang lain tidak ada hubungannya. Misalnya, wudhu dengan cara mazhab syafi'i, nah, ketika mau niat puasa ia pakai mazhab hanafi. Kan tidak ada hubungannya antara wudhu dan puasa? maka yang ini boleh.

Kalau saya sih pilih (menurut selera saya nih) pendapat al-Kammal ibn al-Hammam yang secara tegas membolehkan orang "plin-plan" secara mutlak!.

Alasan saya adalah disamping soal arti sebenarnya dari mazhab itu, juga islam itu memang agama yang mudah kok. Cuma kita harus punya sedikit pengetahuan mengenai keragaman pendapat itu, jangan yang nggak tahu sama sekali, terus hanya ikut kata orang saja, lalu comot sana-sini. Yah minimal dia tahu-lah akan ilmu fiqh.

c. pindah mazhab secara total.

Kalau yang ini sih, gampang....misalnya anda pindah dari mazhab Syafi'i ke mazhab Hanafi.Artinya, ya tidak kasus per kasus lagi seperti yang point a dan b. Tapi dengan total!

Anda mau tarjih? atau talfiq? atau pindah mazhab secara total? Terserah anda saja lah......:)

Cinta Si Majnun

Tahukah anda kekuatan sebuah cinta? Sadarkah kita bagaimana cinta bisa menjelma menjadi energi yangtiada habisnya? Qais, yang kemudian dikenal sebagai Majnun, membuktikan itu semua.

Qais mencintai Laila sepenuh hati. Ketika orang tua Laila menghalangi cinta mereka, Qais bukannya mundur malah ia berubah menjadi Majnun, pecinta yang tergila-gila pada Laila sehingga hidupnya berubah total.

Hakim Nizhami, sufi agung yang menuliskan kisah ini, melukiskan bagaimana cinta tak mengenal lelah, bagaimana lapar dan dahaga tak dihiraukan oleh Majnun, bagaimana energi cinta yang dihasilkan Majnun mampu menundukkan segenap binatang buas di hutan tempat persembunyiannya.

Loyalitas Laila pun tak bergoyang meskipun ayahnya menikahkannya dengan paksa kepada seorang bangsawan. Sampai akhir hayatnya bangsawan itu tak berhasil menyentuh Laila, yang notabene telah dipersuntingnya.

Ketika datang rasa rindu, bibir Majnun kering melantunkan tembang pujian dan syair kerinduan untuk Laila, ketika pagar rumah orang tua Laila menghalangi komunikasi mereka, Laila menulis surat cinta di potongan kertas kecil lalu ia biarkan angin membawanya sampai ke Majnun.

Ayah Majnun mencoba memberikan alternatif untuk Majnun. Dibuatlah pesta yang dihadiri segenap gadis cantik, namun bukanlah Majnun kalau tak mampu bersikap loyal pada kekasihnya. Majnun menampik semua tawaran itu.

Banyak orang yang percaya, bahwa kisah Laila Majnun itu merupakan simbol belaka. Hakim Nizhami sebenarnya hanya menunjukkan bagaimana sikap seorang pecinta sejati kepada kekasihnya. Ketika Laila dan Majnun telah tiada, konon, seorang sufi bermimpi melihat Majnun hadir dihadapan Tuhan. Tuhan membelai Majnun dengan penuh kasih sayang seraya berkata, "Tidakkah engkau malu memanggil-manggi-Ku dengan nama Laila, sesudah engkau meminum anggur Cinta-Ku?"

Seperti Majnun yang mengeluarkan energi yang tiada habisnya, di bulan ramadhan ini kita pun belajar untuk menaikkan maqam cinta kita kepada Allah.Energi cinta yang kita pancarkan dibulan puasa seyogyanya mampu menundukkan nafsu buas di sekeliling kita.

Bibir kering dan perut lapar bukanlah alasan untuk menampik sebuah cinta ilahi. Dari tenggorokan yang kering justru keluar Bacaan Yang Mulia dan asma Kekasih Sejati kita, Allah swt. Ketika disekeliling kita banyak yang menyodorkan alternatif kebahagiaan, sebagaimana Majnun menolak tawaran ayahnya, kita pun bersikap setia pada kebahagiaan yang dijanjikan Allah kelak.

Ketika banyak yang mencoba memagari cinta kita dengan "pagar duniawi", seperti Laila yang mengungkapkan isi hatinya lewat potongan kertas yg dibawa angin, kita ungkapkan cinta sejati kita di bulan Ramadhan ini ke seluruh penjuru angin. Gema kalam ilahi di mana-mana, gema takbir terus mengalun, gema cinta terus dibawa angin menembus dinding perkantoran, pasar swalayan, gedung sekolah, taman perkotaan, rumah makan dan pusat-pusat perbelanjaan. Pagar-pagar itu tak akan mampu menghalangi cinta kita.

Di bulan Ramadhan ini sudahkah kita ukur cinta kita pada Allah swt. Malukah kita bila Majnun menegur kita, "sampai dimana pengorbananmu untuk Kekasih Sejatimu?" Bulan Ramadhan adalah media membuktikan cinta sejati itu, insya Allah!


sumber : (www.webtwin.com)

JUST AN ORDINARY WOMEN

aku bukanlah zulaikah yang cantik
bukan pula siti hajar yang sabar
bukanlah mariam yang suci dari jamahaan kelinci
lebih-lebih
bukan bunda Khodijah yang mulia

aku bukanlah salah satu diantara perempuan yang
senantiasa terukir dilafadzNya
aku bukan siapa-sipa diantara mereka
aku pun tak punya nilai dibanding mereka


apa lah yang ku punya
harta tak ku punya
kecantikan aku tak ada
tak ada yang mampu ku banggakan dari ku tuk mu

namun dibalik itu semua
aku hanya mencoba dan berusaha menjadi yang terbaik
dan indah dimatamu
walau cacat adanya aku

aku slalu mnecoba menjadi fatimah
yang slalu dsayang Baginda
aku slalu mencoba menjadi hajar yang sabar
pada cobaan apapun aku slalu mencoba menjadi
khodijah yang taat dan takut pada Aqidah dan tuhannya

aku ingin seperti
tokoh dalam pena si penyair
menjadi ana yang pintar da halus
menjadi fatimah yang menuruti kehendak orang tua
menjadi laila
yang mampu membuat orang menjadi terpikat

namun alangkah sombong dan sialnya aku
berharap seperti mereka
krana aku tak kan pernah bisa

aku hanya ingin menjadi diriku sendiri
wanita yang tahu akan kewajibaannya
anak yang patuh pada orang tuanya
teman yang dibutuhkan sahabatnya
perempuan yang tahu marwahnya
dan hamba yang takut pada tuhannya

lihat aku sekarang
berbeda bukannn
setidaknya
aku ingin mengubha diriku menjadi yang lebih baik

aku hanya gadis biasa
periang
perajuk
namun tahu akan kodratnya sebagai perempuan
itulah aku...

27 mai 2010

The Descriptive Facts about the Moon

Moon is the earth's satellite which we often see in the night. The Moon is the one place in our solar system where humans have visited. For the firs time on July 20, 1969, astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin landed the Lunar Module of Apollo 11 on the surface of the Moon. Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the Moon. However do you know what descriptive facts about the Moon are?

The moon rises in the east and sets in the west. It moves toward the east in our sky by about 12 degrees each day. The Moon is about 384,400 kilometers from Earth. The Moon has a diameter of 2,000 miles which is like to 3,476 kilometers.

The surface of the Moon has many things, such as craters, lava plains, mountains, and valleys. Scientists believe the craters were formed around 3.5 to 4.5 billion years ago by meteors hitting the moon's surface. The Moon does not have atmosphere, wind and weather that is why the footprints left there on the Moon by the Apollo astronauts will remain there for millions of years.

The Moon is not a light source. It mean that Moon does not make its own light. It reflects light from the sun. All of us can can see the Moon especially in the night because light from the Sun bounces off it back to the Earth. If the Sun wasn't there, we can not see the Moon.

The moon influences many of the tides in the oceans. This is because of the gravity force between the Earth and Moon. At full Moon and new Moon, the Sun, Earth and Moon are lined up, producing the higher than normal tides. When the Moon is at first or last quarter, it forms smaller neap tides.

Alone

LYING, thinking
Last night
How to find my soul a home
Where water is not thirsty
And bread loaf is not stone
I came up with one thing
And I don't believe I'm wrong
That nobody,
But nobody
Can make it out here alone.

Alone, all alone
Nobody, but nobody
Can make it out here alone.

There are some millionaires
With money they can't use
Their wives run round like banshees
Their children sing the blues
They've got expensive doctors
To cure their hearts of stone.
But nobody
No, nobody
Can make it out here alone.

Alone, all alone
Nobody, but nobody
Can make it out here alone.

Now if you listen closely
I'll tell you what I know
Storm clouds are gathering
The wind is gonna blow
The race of man is suffering
And I can hear the moan,
'Cause nobody,
But nobody
Can make it out here alone.

Alone, all alone
Nobody, but nobody
Can make it out here alone.

Friendship

>

And a youth said, "Speak to us of Friendship."

Your friend is your needs answered.

He is your field which you sow with love and reap with thanksgiving.

And he is your board and your fireside.

For you come to him with your hunger, and you seek him for peace.

When your friend speaks his mind you fear not the "nay" in your own mind, nor do you withhold the "ay."

And when he is silent your heart ceases not to listen to his heart;

For without words, in friendship, all thoughts, all desires, all expectations are born and shared, with joy that is unacclaimed.

When you part from your friend, you grieve not;

For that which you love most in him may be clearer in his absence, as the mountain to the climber is clearer from the plain.

And let there be no purpose in friendship save the deepening of the spirit.

For love that seeks aught but the disclosure of its own mystery is not love but a net cast forth: and only the unprofitable is caught.

And let your best be for your friend.

If he must know the ebb of your tide, let him know its flood also.

For what is your friend that you should seek him with hours to kill?

Seek him always with hours to live.

For it is his to fill your need, but not your emptiness.

And in the sweetness of friendship let there be laughter, and sharing of pleasures.

For in the dew of little things the heart finds its morning and is refreshed.

Andaikan Hati Seperti Sebuah Komputer

Customer Service (CS) : Ya, ada yang bisa saya bantu?

Pelanggan (P): Baik, setelah saya pertimbangkan, saya ingin menginstal cinta kasih. Bisakah anda memandu saya menyelesaikan prosesnya?

CS: Ya, saya dapat membantu anda. Anda siap melakukannya?

P: Baik, saya tidak mengerti secara teknis, tetapi saya siap untuk menginstalnya sekarang. Apa yang harus saya lakukan dahulu?

CS: Langkah pertama adalah membuka HATI anda. Tahukan anda di mana HATI anda?

P: Ya, tapi ada banyak program yang sedang aktif. Apakah saya tetap bisa menginstalnya sementara program-program tersebut aktif?

CS: Program apa saja yang sedang aktif?

P: Sebentar, saya lihat dulu, Program yang sedang aktif adalah SAKITHATI.EXE, MINDER.EXE, DENDAM.EXE dan BENCI.COM.

CS: Tidak apa-apa. CINTA-KASIH akan menghapus SAKITHATI.EXE dari sistem operasi Anda. Program tersebut akan tetap ada dalam memori anda, tetapi tidak lama karena akan tertimpa program lain. CINTA- KASIH akan menimpa MINDER.EXE dengan modul yang disebut PERCAYADIRI.EXE.
Tetapi anda harus mematikan BENCI.COM dan DENDAM.EXE. Program tersebut akan menyebabkan CINTA-KASIH tidak terinstal secara sempurna. Dapatkah anda mematikannya?

P: Saya tidak tahu cara mematikannya. Dapatkah anda memandu saya?

CS: Dengan senang hati. Gunakan Start menu dan aktifkan MEMAAFKAN.EXE. Aktifkan program ini sesering mungkin sampai BENCI.COM dan DENDAM.EXE terhapus.

P: OK, sudah. CINTA-KASIH mulai terinstal secara otomatis. Apakah ini wajar?

CS: Ya, anda akan menerima pesan bahwa CINTA-KASIH akan terus diinstall kembali dalam HATI anda. Apakah anda melihat pesan tersebut?

P: Ya. Apakah sudah selesai terinstal?

CS: Ya, tapi ingat bahwa anda hanya punya program dasarnya saja. Anda perlu mulai menghubungkan HATI yang lain agar untuk mengupgradenya.

P: Oops. Saya mendapat pesan error. Apa yang harus saya lakukan?

CS: Apa pesannya?

P: ERROR 412 – PROGRAM NOT RUN ON INTERNAL COMPONENT”. apa artinya?

CS: Jangan kuatir, itu masalah biasa. Artinya, program CINTA-KASIH diset untuk aktif di HATI eksternal tetapi belum bisa aktif dalam HATI internal anda. Ini adalah salah satu kerumitan pemrograman, tetapi dalam istilah non-teknis ini berarti anda harus men-”CINTA-KASIH”-i mesin anda sendiri sebelum men-”CINTA-KASIH”-i orang lain.

P: Lalu apa yang harus saya lakukan?

CS: Dapatkan anda klik pulldown direktori yang disebut “PASRAH”?

P: Ya, sudah.

CS: Bagus. Pilih file-file berikut dan salin ke direktori “MYHEART” MEMAAFKAN-DIRI-SENDIRI.DOC, dan MENYADARI-KEKURANGAN.TXT. sistem akan menimpa file-file konflik dan mulai memperbaiki program-program yang salah. Anda juga perlu mengosongkan Recycle Bin untuk memastikan program-program yang salah tidak muncul kembali.

P: Sudah. Hei!.. HATI saya terisi file-file baru. SENYUM.MPG aktif di monitor saya dan menandakan bahwa DAMAI.EXE dan KEPUASAN.COM dikopi
ke HATI. Apakah ini wajar?

CS: Kadang-kadang. Orang lain mungkin perlu waktu untuk mendownloadnya.
Jadi CINTA-KASIH telah terinstal dan aktif. Anda harus bisa menanganinya dari sini. Ada satu lagi hal yang penting.

P: Apa?

CS: CINTA-KASIH adalah freeware. Pastikan untuk memberikannya kepada orang lain yang anda temui. Mereka akan share ke orang lain dan seterusnya sampai anda akan menerimanya kembali.
P: Pasti. Terima kasih atas bantuannya.

Rafflesia Arnoldii

Rafflesia Arnoldii is a rare flower that is well known because of the size of the flower's petals and the smell of rotten meat that it gives out.

This enormous and rare flower grows in the forest of Southeast Asia, including the Phillipines. Its large flower can grow to 3 meters in diameter and weigh up to 11 kilograms. It does not have any leaves, stem, or roots and because of lacking clorophyls this plant can not photosynthesize making it a parasite, living on other plants nutrition. The flower has five petals red in colour and has white spots, which surrounds the middle of the flower much like a hole. At the base of the flower there is a part which has needles and contains the reproduction parts of the flower.

Rafflesia Arnoldii reproduces with the help of flies that are attracted to the flowers smell (which some observers say smells much like bad meat and rotten eggs mixed). The flower only lasts for five to seven days and then dies.

Taj Mahal

Taj Mahal is regarded as one of the eight wonders of the world. It was built by a Muslim Emperor Shah Jahan in the memory of his dear wife at Agra.
Taj Mahal is a Mausoleum that houses the grave of queen Mumtaz Mahal. The mausoleum is a part of a vast complex comprising of a main gateway, an elaborate garden, a mosque (to the left), a guest house (to the right), and several other palatial buildings. The Taj is at the farthest end of this complex, with the river Jamuna behind it.
The Taj stands on a raised, square platform (186 x 186 feet) with its four corners truncated, forming an unequal octagon. The architectural design uses the interlocking arabesque concept, in which each element stands on its own and perfectly integrates with the main structure. It uses the principles of self-replicating geometry and a symmetry of architectural elements.
Its central dome is fifty-eight feet in diameter and rises to a height of 213 feet. It is flanked by four subsidiary domed chambers. The four graceful, slender minarets are 162.5 feet each. The central domed chamber and four adjoining chambers include many walls and panels of Islamic decoration.
Taj Mahal is built entirely of white marble. Its stunning architectural beauty is beyond adequate description, particularly at dawn and sunset. The Taj seems to glow in the light of the full moon. On a foggy morning, the visitors experience the Taj as if suspended when viewed from across the Jamuna river.

My Cat Gregory

Gregory is my beautiful gray Persian cat. He walks with pride and grace, performing a dance of disdain as he slowly lifts and lowers each paw with the delicacy of a ballet dancer. His pride, however, does not extend to his appearance, for he spends most of his time indoors watching television and growing fat.
He enjoys TV commercials, especially those for Meow Mix and 9 Lives. His familiarity with cat food commercials has led him to reject generic brands of cat food in favor of only the most expensive brands.
Gregory is as finicky about visitors as he is about what he eats, befriending some and repelling others. He may snuggle up against your ankle, begging to be petted, or he may imitate a skunk and stain your favorite trousers. Gregory does not do this to establish his territory, as many cat experts think, but to humiliate me because he is jealous of my friends.
After my guests have fled, I look at the old fleabag snoozing and smiling to himself in front of the television set, and I have to forgive him for his obnoxious, but endearing, habits.

Borobudur Temple

Borobudur is Hindu - Budhist temple. It was build in the nineth century under Sailendra dynasty of ancient Mataram kingdom. Borobudur is located in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia.
Borobudur is well-known all over the world. Its construction is influenced by the Gupta architecture of India. The temple is constructed on a hill 46 m high and consist of eight step like stone terrace. The first five terrace are square and surrounded by walls adorned with Budist sculpture in bas-relief. The upper three are circular. Each of them is with a circle of bell shape-stupa. The entire adifice is crowned by a large stupa at the centre at the centre of the top circle. The way to the summit extends through some 4.8 km of passage and starways. The design of borobudur which symbolizes the structure of universe influences temples at Angkor, Cambodia.
Borobudur temple which is rededicated as an Indonesian monument in 1983 is a valuable treasure for Indonesian people.

Text Descriptive

For people in East Java, Jatim Park may have been heard many times as it is one of the famous tourism object in East Java province. Jatim Park offers a recreation place as well as a study center.

Jatim Park is located at Jl. Kartika 2 Batu, East Java. To reach the location is not too difficult because the object is only 2, 5 kilos meters from Batu city. This Jatim Park tourism object is about 22 hectares width.

Visitor can enjoy at least 36 kinds of facilities which can attract them as well as give new knowledge. Just after the pass gate, the visitors will find an interesting view of ‘Galeri Nusantara’ area. This study offering continues to step on ‘Taman Sejarah’ area, which contains of miniature temple in East Java like Sumberawan temple, customhouse of Kiai Hasan Besari Ponorogo and Sumberawan Statue.

The other facility which is able to be enjoyed is ‘Agro Park’ area. It presents crop and rareness fruits, animal diorama which consists of unique animals that have been conserved, and supporting games like bowling, throw ball, scooter disco, etc

Jatim Park is suitable for family and school recreation. The recreation area sites offer precious tour and can used as alternative media of study.
Suited from:www.eastjava.com/tourism/batu/jatim-park.html

writing (verb)

Verb

The verb is perhaps the most important part of the sentence. A verb or compound verb asserts something about the subject of the sentence and express actions, events, or states of being. The verb or compound verb is the critical element of the predicate of a sentence.

A verb is a kind of word (see part of speech) that usually tells about an action or a state and is the main part of a sentence. Every sentence has a verb. In English, verbs are the only kind of word that changes to show past or present tense.^[1]

Every language in the world has verbs, but they are not always used in the same ways. They also can have different properties in different languages. For example, in some other languages (e.g., Chinese & Indonesian) verbs do not change for past and present tense. This means the definition above only works well for English verbs.

There are sixteen verbs used in Basic English. They are: be, do, have, come, go, see, seem, give, take, keep, make, put, send, say, let, get.

 

Verb forms

In English and many other languages, verbs change their form. This is called inflection. Most English verbs have six inflected forms (see the table), but be has eight different forms.

Forms of English verbs
Primary forms	past: walked	She walked home
	3rd singular present: walks	She walks home
	plain present: walk	They walk home
Secondary forms	plain form: walk	She should walk home
	gerund-participle: walking	She is walking home
	past participle: walked	She has walked home

You should notice that some of the verb forms look the same. You can say they have the same shape. For example, the plain present and the plain form of walk have the same shape. The same is true for the past and the past participle. But these different forms can have different shapes in other verbs. For example, the plain present of be is usually are but the plain form is be. Also, the past of eat is ate, but the past participle is eaten. When you look for a verb in the dictionary, it is usually the plain form that you look for.

An English sentence must have at least one primary-form verb. Each main clause can only have one primary-form verb.

Kinds of Verbs I

English has two main kinds of verbs: normal verbs (called lexical verbs) and auxiliary verbs. The difference between them is mainly in where they can go in a sentence. Some verbs are in both groups, but there are very few auxiliary verbs in English. There are also two kinds of auxiliary verbs: modal verbs and non-modal verbs. The table below shows most of the English auxiliaries and a small number of other verbs.

Kinds of English verbs
auxiliary verbs		lexical vebs
modal verbs	Can you play the piano?	I fell
	I will not be there	I didn't fall
	Shall we go	I had breakfast.
	Yes, you may	I'm playing soccer.
	You must be joking	Must you make that noise?
non-modal verbs	Have you seen him?	Have you seen him?
	I did see it	I did see it
	He is sleeping	He is sleeping

Auxiliary verbs also inflect for negation. Usually this is done by adding n't.^[1]

• You shouldn't be here.
• He isn't at home.
• We haven't started yet.

 

 

 

Tense, aspect, and mood

Many people think that all different ways of using verbs are all different tenses. This is not true. There are three main systems related to the verb: tense, aspect, and mood.

Tense

Tense is mainly used to say when the verb happens: in the past, present, or future. Some languages have all three tenses, some have only two, and some have no tenses at all. English and Japanese for example have only two tenses: past and present.^[1] Chinese and Indonesian verbs do not show tense. Instead they use other words in the sentence to show when the verb happens.

English tenses
Present tense	Past tense
She walks home	She walked home
He runs quickly	He ran quickly
I can swim well	I could swim well
Do you live here?	Did you live here?

Aspect

Aspect usually shows us things like whether the action is finished or not, or if something happens regularly. English has two aspects: progressive and perfect. In English, aspect is usually shown by using participle verb forms. Aspect can combine with present or past tense.

Progressive aspect

English uses the gerund-participle, usually together with the auxiliary be to show the progressive aspect.

• I'm sleeping. (present progressive)
• He was studying English last night. (past progressive)

Perfect aspect

English uses the past participle, usually together with the auxiliary have to show the perfect aspect.

• I've seen him twice. (present perfect)
• I had lived there for three years. (past perfect)

The past perfect can be used to express an unrealized hope, wish, etc.

• He had intended to bake a cake but ran out of flour.
• She had wanted to buy him a gift but he refused.

After If, wish and would rather, the past perfect can be used to talk about past events that never happened.

• If only I had been born standing up!
• I wish you had told me that before.
• I would rather you had gone somewhere else.

Mood

Finally, English mood is now usually shown by using modal verbs. In the past, English had a full mood system but that has almost completely disappeared. The subjunctive mood now uses the plain form. There is also a form of be that is used in conditionals to show that something is not true (e.g., If I were a bird, I would fly to California.)

Sentence parts that go with verbs

Certain parts of a sentence naturally come before verbs or after them, but these are not always the same for all verbs. The main sentence parts are: subject, object, complement, and modifier.

Subjects

Almost all English sentences have subjects, but sentences that are orders (called imperatives) usually do not have any subjects. A subject usually comes before a verb, but it can also come after auxiliary verbs. In the following examples, the subject is underlined and the primary verb is in bold.

• We need you.
• The food was good.
• The small boy with red hair is sleeping.
• Can you see the car?
• Come here. (no subject)

Objects

Many verbs can be followed by an object. These verbs are called transitive verbs. In fact, some verbs must have an object (e.g., take), but some verbs never take an object (e.g., sleep). Verbs that do not take an object are called intransitive verbs. Some verbs can even have two objects. They are called ditransitive verbs. In the following examples, the object is underlined and the primary verb is in bold.

• I'm sleeping. (no object)
• I took the book from him.
• I gave him the book. (2 objects)
• I am happy. (no object)
• I became a teacher. (complement, no object)
• I slept in my bed (1 object)

Complements

Some verbs can or must be followed by a complement. These verbs are called linking verbs or copula. In the following examples, the complement is underlined and the verb is in bold.

• He is good.
• He is a boy.
• She became sick.
• She became a manager.
• It looks nice.

Modifiers

Verbs can be modified by various modifiers, mainly adverbs. Note that verbs generally do not need modifiers; it's usually a choice. In the following examples, the adverb is underlined and the verb is in bold.

• The boy ran quickly.
• The freely swinging rope hit him.

Verbs also commonly take a variety of other modifiers including prepositions.

Differences between verbs and other kinds of words

Sometimes a verb and another word can have the same shape. In these cases you can usually see the difference by looking at various properties of the words.

Verbs vs. adjectives

Sometimes a verb and an adjective can have the same shape. Usually this happens with participles. For example, the present participle interesting and the adjective interesting look the same. Verbs are different from adjectives, though, because they cannot be modified by very, more, or most. For example, you can say "That is very interesting," so you know interesting is an adjective here. But you cannot say "My teacher is very interesting me in math" because in this sentence interesting is a verb. On the other hand, if you cannot change the 'be' verb to 'seem' or 'become', it is probably a verb.

• He was isolated / He became isolated (isolated is an adjective)
• The door was opening / *The door became opening (opening is a verb)

Verbs vs. nouns

The gerund-particle sometimes looks like a noun. This is especially true when it is used as a subject, as in the following example:

• Running is good for you.

The main differences between these verbs and nouns are: modifiers, number, and object/complement

Modifiers

Verbs cannot generally be modified by adjectives and nouns cannot generally be modified by adverbs. So, in "Running regularly is good for you", running is a verb because it is modified by regularly, an adverb.

Number

Verbs cannot change for number, so if you can make the word plural, it is a noun, not a verb. For example, "this drawing is nice" can change to "these drawings are nice", so drawing is a noun. But "drawing trees is fun" cannot change to "drawings trees is fun", so it is a verb here.

Object/complement

Many verbs can take objects or complements, but nouns cannot. So, in "parking the car is hard", parking is a verb because it takes the object the car. But, if you say, "there's no parking", parking may be a noun because it does not have an object.

Verbs vs. prepositions

Some verbs have become prepositions.Again, usually these share a shape with participles. Here are some examples:

• Given the problems, I do not think we should go.
• We have many helpers, including John.
• According to the map, we are here.
• He went to hospital following' the fight.

The main difference between verbs and prepositions is that verbs have a subject. Even if the subject is not written, you can understand what it is. Prepositions do not have a subject.

 

Kinds of Verbs II

ACTION VERBS An action word tells what the subject does. (build, laugh, walk, express) or that it exists. (is, are, was, were).
Examples:
Bob raked the leaves into a pile.
I was late to school today.

HELPING VERB ('be')
A helping verb tells when the action of a sentence takes place. The helping verb be has several forms am, is, are, were, and will. These helping verbs can be used in all three tenses.
Examples:
Present: Bob was talking. We were eating.
Past: I am coming. Dan is walking. They are singing.
Future: I will sing. They will eat.
LINKING VERB ('be')
A linking verb links a noun or an adjective in the predicate to the subject. Forms of the verb 'be' are the most common linking verbs. Linking verbs can be used in all three tenses.
TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS
An intransitive verb can stand alone in the predicate because its meaning is complete.
Example:
The plant grows.
A transitive verb needs a direct object to complete its meaning. The meaning of a sentence with a transitive verb is not complete without a direct object.
Examples:
The mouse wants cheese. Here cheese tells what the mouse wants.

Both transitive and intransitive verbs can be in the past, present or future tense.
IRREGULAR VERBS
Irregular verbs change completely in the past tense. Unlike regular verbs, the past tense forms of irregular verbs are not formed by adding ed.
Examples:
Present: know
Past: knew
Past Participle: has/have/had known

 

Verb

Dari Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas

Contoh

Kucing tidur. Dia mencintai Anda. Dia berkata, "halo!" Dapatkah Anda bermain piano? Bayi yang tertidur tampak indah. Dia melihat gadis yang telah digigit oleh anjing.

Sebuah kata kerja adalah jenis kata (lihat bagian dari pidato) yang biasanya bercerita tentang suatu tindakan atau suatu negara dan merupakan bagian utama dari suatu kalimat.  Setiap kalimat memiliki kata kerja. Di Inggris, kata kerja adalah satu-satunya jenis kata yang berubah untuk menunjukkan masa lalu atau kini tegang.

Setiap bahasa di dunia telah verba, tetapi mereka tidak selalu digunakan dalam cara yang sama. Mereka juga dapat memiliki properti yang berbeda dalam berbagai bahasa. Sebagai contoh, dalam beberapa bahasa lain (misalnya, Cina & Indonesia) verb tidak berubah untuk masa lalu dan masa kini. Ini berarti definisi di atas hanya berfungsi baik untuk verba bahasa Inggris.

Ada enam belas verb digunakan dalam Basic inggris. Mereka adalah: jadi, lakukan, telah, datang, pergi, lihat, sepertinya, memberi, menerima, menyimpan, membuat, memasang, mengirimkan, mengatakan, biarkan, mendapatkan.

 

 

 

bentuk-bentuk Kata kerja

Dalam bahasa Inggris dan banyak bahasa lainnya, mengubah bentuk kata kerja. Ini disebut infleksi. Sebagian besar Inggris memiliki enam infleksi verba bentuk (lihat tabel), tetapi memiliki delapan bentuk yang berbeda.

Bentuk kata kerja bahasa Inggris
Bentuk utama	masa lalu: berjalan	Ia berjalan pulang
	tunggal sekarang: jalan-jalan	Dia berjalan pulang
	polos sekarang: berjalan	Mereka berjalan pulang
Bentuk sekunder	Bentuk biasa: berjalan	Dia harus berjalan pulang
	gerund, participle: berjalan	Dia berjalan pulang
	past participle: berjalan	Dia telah berjalan pulang

Anda harus melihat bahwa sebagian dari bentuk-bentuk kata kerja terlihat sama. Anda bisa mengatakan mereka memiliki bentuk yang sama. Sebagai contoh, dataran sekarang dan bentuk dataran berjalan memiliki bentuk yang sama. Hal yang sama berlaku untuk masa lalu dan masa lalu participle. Tetapi bentuk-bentuk yang berbeda ini dapat mempunyai bentuk yang berbeda kata kerja lain. Sebagai contoh, hadiah sederhana akan tetapi biasanya adalah bentuk dataran adalah menjadi. Selain itu, masa lalu makan adalah makan, tetapi past participle dimakan. Ketika Anda mencari sebuah kata kerja dalam kamus, biasanya bentuk dataran yang Anda cari.

Kalimat bahasa Inggris harus memiliki minimal satu primer-bentuk kata kerja. Setiap utama klausa hanya dapat memiliki satu primer-bentuk kata kerja.

Jenis Kata I

Inggris memiliki dua jenis utama verba: normal kata kerja (disebut leksikal kata kerja) dan kata kerja bantu. Perbedaan antara mereka adalah terutama di mana mereka dapat pergi dalam sebuah kalimat. Beberapa verba pada kedua kelompok, tetapi ada sedikit kata kerja bantu dalam bahasa Inggris. Terdapat juga dua jenis verba pembantu: kata kerja modal dan non-modal verb. Tabel di bawah ini menunjukkan sebagian besar bantu Inggris dan sejumlah kecil kata kerja lainnya.

Jenis kata kerja bahasa Inggris
bantu verb		leksikal verbs
verb modal	Dapatkah Anda bermain piano?	Aku jatuh
	Aku tidak akan ada	fall Aku tidak jatuh
	Bagaimana kalau kita pergi	Aku sudah sarapan.
	Ya, Anda mungkin	Aku sedang bermain sepak bola.
	Anda pasti bercanda	Harus Anda membuat suara itu?
verb non-modal	Apakah Anda melihatnya?	Apakah Anda melihatnya?
	Aku melihat	Aku melihat
	Ia tidur	Ia tidur

Verb bantu juga berinfleksi untuk pengingkaran. Biasanya ini dilakukan dengan menambahkan n't.

• Anda harus n't berada di sini.
• Dia adalah n't di rumah.
• Kami telah n't mulai belum.

Aspek, Tegang, dan suasana hati

Banyak orang berpikir bahwa semua cara yang berbeda menggunakan verba tenses semua berbeda. Ini tidak benar. Ada tiga sistem utama yang berkaitan dengan kata kerja: tegang, aspek, dan suasana hati.

Tegang

Tegang terutama digunakan untuk mengatakan kapan kata kerja terjadi: di masa lalu, sekarang, atau masa depan. Beberapa bahasa memiliki ketiga tenses, beberapa hanya memiliki dua, dan beberapa tidak memiliki tenses sama sekali. Inggris dan Jepang misalnya hanya memiliki dua tenses: masa lalu dan kini. Cina dan Indonesia tidak menunjukkan verb tegang. Sebaliknya mereka menggunakan kata lain dalam kalimat untuk menunjukkan ketika verba terjadi.

Inggris tenses
Present tense	Lampau
Dia berjalan pulang	Ia berjalan pulang
Dia berlari cepat	Dia berlari cepat
Aku bisa berenang dengan baik	Aku bisa berenang dengan baik
Apakah Anda tinggal di sini?	Apakah Anda tinggal di sini?

Aspek

Aspek biasanya menunjukkan kepada kita hal-hal seperti apakah tindakan selesai atau tidak, atau jika sesuatu terjadi secara teratur. Inggris memiliki dua aspek: progresif dan sempurna. Dalam bahasa Inggris, aspek biasanya ditunjukkan dengan menggunakan bentuk kata kerja participle. Aspek dapat menggabungkan dengan sekarang atau lampau.

Progressive aspek

Inggris menggunakan gerund-participle, biasanya bersama-sama dengan bantu akan untuk menunjukkan aspek progresif.

• Saya tidur. (present progressive) (sekarang progresif)
• Dia belajar bahasa Inggris tadi malam. (past progressive) (lalu progresif)

Aspek Sempurna

Inggris menggunakan past participle, biasanya bersama-sama dengan bantu harus menunjukkan aspek yang sempurna.

• Saya telah bertemu dengannya dua kali. (present perfect) (present perfect)
• Aku pernah tinggal di sana selama tiga tahun. (past perfect) (masa lalu sempurna)

Masa lalu sempurna dapat digunakan untuk mengekspresikan sebuah harapan yang belum direalisasi, keinginan, dll

• Ia bermaksud untuk memanggang kue tetapi berlari keluar dari tepung.
• Ia ingin membeli hadiah-nya tapi ia menolak.

Setelah Jika, ingin dan lebih suka, masa lalu yang sempurna dapat digunakan untuk berbicara tentang peristiwa masa lalu yang tidak pernah terjadi.

• Kalau saja aku telah lahir berdiri!
• Aku berharap kau pernah mengatakan bahwa sebelum.
• Aku lebih suka kau telah pergi ke tempat lain.

Mood

Akhirnya, Inggris suasana hati sekarang biasanya ditunjukkan dengan menggunakan verb modal. Di masa lalu, Inggris memiliki suasana hati yang penuh sistem, tetapi yang telah hampir sepenuhnya menghilang. The subjunctive mood sekarang menggunakan formulir biasa. Ada juga bentuk menjadi yang digunakan dalam conditional untuk menunjukkan bahwa ada sesuatu yang tidak benar (misalnya, Kalau saya burung, aku akan terbang ke California.)

Kalimat bagian yang pergi dengan verb

Bagian-bagian tertentu dari sebuah kalimat secara alami datang sebelum kata kerja atau setelah mereka, tetapi ini tidak selalu sama untuk semua verba. Bagian kalimat utama adalah: subyek, obyek, pelengkap, dan pengubah.

Subjects

Hampir semua kalimat inggris mempunyai subjek, tapi kalimat itu adalah perintah (disebut imperatif) biasanya tidak memiliki subjek. Sebuah subjek biasanya datang sebelum kata kerja, tetapi bisa juga datang setelah verb bantu. Dalam contoh berikut, subjek digaris bawahi dan kata kerja utama dalam huruf tebal.

• Kami membutuhkan Anda.
• Makanan yang baik.
• Anak kecil dengan rambut merah tidur.
• Dapatkah Anda melihat mobil?
• Datang ke sini. (no subject) (no subject)

Objek

Verb ini disebut transitif verba. Bahkan, beberapa verb harus memiliki sebuah objek (misalnya, ambil), tetapi beberapa verb tidak pernah mengambil sebuah objek (misalnya, tidur). Kata kerja yang tidak mengambil objek disebut intransitif verb. Beberapa kata kerja bahkan dapat memiliki dua benda. Mereka disebut ditransitive verb. Dalam contoh berikut, objek digaris bawahi dan kata kerja utama dalam huruf tebal.

• Aku sedang tidur. (bukan masalah)
• Aku mengambil buku dari dia.
• Aku memberinya buku (2 benda)
• Aku bahagia (bukan masalah)
• Saya menjadi seorang guru. (melengkapi, tidak ada objek)
• Aku tidur di tempat tidurku (1 obyek)

Komplemen

Beberapa kata kerja dapat atau harus diikuti oleh komplemen. Verb ini disebut menghubungkan verb atau kata kerja penghubung. Dalam contoh berikut, komplemen digaris bawahi dan kata kerja dalam huruf tebal.

• Ia baik.
• Dia adalah seorang anak laki-laki.
• Dia menjadi sakit.
• Ia menjadi seorang manajer.

Modifiers

Kata kerja dapat dimodifikasi oleh berbagai pengubah, terutama kata keterangan. Perhatikan bahwa kata kerja pada umumnya tidak perlu pengubah; itu biasanya pilihan. Dalam contoh berikut, adverb digarisbawahi dan kata kerja dalam huruf tebal.

• Anak itu berlari dengan cepat.
• Ayun tali yang bebas memukulnya.

Verb juga sering mengambil berbagai pengubah lain termasuk preposisi.

 

Perbedaan antara kata kerja dan jenis kata lain

Kadang-kadang kata kerja dan kata lain dapat memiliki bentuk yang sama. Dalam kasus ini Anda biasanya dapat melihat perbedaan dengan melihat berbagai properti dari kata-kata.

Kata kerja vs kata sifat

Kadang-kadang kata kerja dan kata sifat dapat memiliki bentuk yang sama. Biasanya ini terjadi dengan participles. Sebagai contoh, present participle menarik dan terlihat menarik kata sifat yang sama. Verb berbeda dari kata sifat, karena mereka tidak dapat dimodifikasi dengan sangat, lebih, atau paling.  Sebagai contoh, Anda dapat mengatakan "Itu sangat menarik," sehingga Anda tahu menarik adalah kata sifat di sini. Tapi Anda tidak bisa bilang "Guru saya sangat menarik saya dalam matematika" karena dalam kalimat ini menarik adalah kata kerja. Di sisi lain, jika Anda tidak dapat mengubah 'menjadi' verba untuk 'tampak' atau 'menjadi', itu mungkin kata kerja.

• Ia terisolasi / Ia menjadi terasing (terisolasi adalah kata sifat)
• Pintu membuka / * Pintu menjadi pembuka (pembukaan adalah kata kerja)

Kata kerja vs kata benda

Gerund-partikel yang kadang-kadang terlihat seperti kata benda. Hal ini benar terutama bila digunakan sebagai subjek, seperti dalam contoh berikut:

• Berjalan adalah baik untuk Anda.

Perbedaan utama antara verba dan nomina adalah: pengubah, nomor, dan objek / pelengkap

Modifiers

Verb pada umumnya tidak dapat dimodifikasi oleh kata sifat dan kata benda pada umumnya tidak dapat dimodifikasi oleh adverbia. Jadi, dalam "Lari secara teratur adalah baik untuk Anda", berjalan adalah kata kerja karena dimodifikasi dengan secara teratur, sebuah kata keterangan.

Jumlah

Kata kerja tidak dapat mengubah untuk nomor, jadi jika Anda dapat membuat kata jamak, itu adalah kata benda, bukan kata kerja. Sebagai contoh, "gambar ini adalah baik" dapat berubah menjadi "gambar-gambar ini adalah baik", sehingga gambar adalah kata benda. Tapi "gambar pohon itu menyenangkan" tidak dapat berubah ke "gambar pohon itu menyenangkan", sehingga kata kerja di sini.

Obyek / pelengkap

Banyak verba dapat mengambil objek atau komplemen, tetapi benda tidak bisa. Jadi, dalam "parkir mobil sulit", parkir adalah kata kerja karena mengambil objek mobil. Tapi, jika Anda mengatakan, "tidak ada parkir", parkir mungkin menjadi kata benda karena tidak memiliki objek.

Kata kerja vs preposisi

Beberapa verba telah menjadi preposisi. Sekali lagi, biasanya ini dengan berbagi bentuk participles. Here are some examples: Berikut adalah beberapa contoh:

• Mengingat masalah, saya tidak berpikir kita harus pergi.
• Kami memiliki banyak pembantu, termasuk Yohanes.
• According to the map, we are here. Menurut peta, kita ada di sini.
• Ia pergi ke rumah sakit setelah 'perkelahian.

Perbedaan utama antara kata kerja dan preposisi adalah verba memiliki subjek. Bahkan jika subjek tidak ditulis, Anda dapat memahami apa itu. Preposisi tidak memiliki subjek.

 

 

Jenis Kata II

Kata kerja kata Tindakan menceritakan apa yang dilakukan subjek. ( build, laugh, (Membangun, tertawa, berjalan, mengungkapkan) atau bahwa itu ada. ( is, are, was, were ).
Contoh:
Bob menyapu daun menjadi tumpukan.
Saya terlambat ke sekolah hari ini.

HELPING VERB ('be') Sebuah kata kerja membantu memberitahu ketika aksi terjadi suatu kalimat.. Kata kerja yang membantu akan memiliki beberapa bentuk am, is, are, were, and will Verb membantu ini dapat digunakan dalam semua tiga tenses.
Contoh:
Present: Bob sedang berbicara. Kami sedang makan.
Past: Aku datang. Dan adalah berjalan. Mereka bernyanyi.
Future: Saya akan bernyanyi. Mereka akan makan.
LINKING VERB ('be')
Sebuah kata kerja yang menghubungkan link sebuah kata benda atau kata sifat dalam predikat dengan subyek. Bentuk kata kerja ' be' adalah verb menghubungkan paling umum. Menghubungkan kata kerja dapat digunakan dalam semua tiga tenses.

TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS
Verba intransitif dapat berdiri sendiri dalam arti predikat karena selesai.
Example: Contoh:
Tanaman. Tumbuh
Sebuah verb transitif membutuhkan objek langsung untuk menyelesaikan maknanya. Arti dari sebuah kalimat dengan verba transitif tidak lengkap tanpa objek langsung.
Examples: Contoh:
Mouse ingin keju. Disini keju mouse menceritakan apa yang diinginkannya.

Baik verb transitif dan intransitif dapat di masa lalu, sekarang atau masa depan tegang.

IRREGULAR VERBS
Perubahan kata kerja tak beraturan di masa lalu benar-benar tegang. Tidak seperti verb teratur, bentuk lampau dari kata kerja tak beraturan tidak terbentuk dengan menambahkan ed.
Contoh:
Present: know (tahu)
Past: knew (tahu)
Past Participle: has/have/had known (memiliki / telah / sudah dikenal)