Writing (adjective)

Adjective

An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by describing, identifying, or quantifying words. An adjective usually precedes the noun or the pronoun which it modifies.
In the following examples, the highlighted words are adjectives:

The truck-shaped balloon floated over the treetops.

Mrs. Morrison papered her kitchen walls with hideous wall paper.

The small boat foundered on the wine dark sea.

The coal mines are dark and dank.

Many stores have already begun to play irritating Christmas music.

A battered music box sat on the mahogany sideboard.

The back room was filled with large, yellow rain boots.

An adjective can be modified by an adverb, or by a phrase or clause functioning as an adverb. In the sentence

My husband knits intricately patterned mittens.

for example, the adverb "intricately" modifies the adjective "patterned."
Some nouns, many pronouns, and many participle phrases can also act as adjectives. In the sentence

Eleanor listened to the muffled sounds of the radio hidden under her pillow.

for example, both highlighted adjectives are past participles.
Grammarians also consider articles ("the," "a," "an") to be adjectives.

Kinds of adjectives.

1. Demonstrative adjective
this, that, these, those are called demonstrative adjectives. They point out nouns.
They always answer the question which one?
In the following example, demonstrative adjectives are shown in color.

·  Lets play this game and later watch that movie.

·    When the librarian tripped over that cord, she dropped a pile of books.

In this sentence, the demonstrative adjective "that" modifies the noun "cord" and the noun phrase "that cord" is the object of the preposition "over."

·   This apartment needs to be fumigated.

Here "this" modifies "apartment" and the noun phrase "this apartment" is the subject of the sentence.

·   Even though my friend preferred those plates, I bought these.

In the subordinate clause, "those" modifies "plates" and

Remember that this, that, these, those can also act as demonstrative pronouns in which case they are not followed by nouns (as demonstrative adjectives are), but take the place of nouns.
In the following example, demonstrative pronouns are shown in color.

·  Lets play this and later watch that.                             

2. Common adjective

is just a simple, regular adjective. It describes a noun in a general way.
sharp, flexible, hot, red, hidden, dripping, nice, huge.

3. Proper adjective

is derived from a proper noun and is capitalized.

Proper noun	Proper adjective
China	Chinese
California	Californian
Mars	Martian
Spain	Spanish
Christianity	Christian
Japan	Japanese
Hollywood	Hollywood
Texas	Texas

Sometimes, as in last two examples, a proper noun does not change at all to become a proper adjective.

4. Interrogative adjective

An interrogative adjective ("which" or "what") is like an interrogative pronoun, except that it modifies a noun or noun phrase rather than standing on its own (see also demonstrative adjectives and possessive adjectives):

·         Which plants should be watered twice a week?

Like other adjectives, "which" can be used to modify a noun or a noun phrase. In this example, "which" modifies "plants" and the noun phrase "which plants" is the subject of the compound verb "should be watered":

·         What book are you reading?

In this sentence, "what" modifies "book" and the noun phrase "what book" is the direct object of the compound verb "are reading."

5. Indefinite adjective

An indefinite adjective is similar to an indefinite pronoun, except that it modifies a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase, as in the following sentences:

·         Many people believe that corporations are under-taxed.

The indefinite adjective "many" modifies the noun "people" and the noun phrase "many people" is the subject of the sentence.

·         I will send you any mail that arrives after you have moved to Sudbury.

The indefinite adjective "any" modifies the noun "mail" and the noun phrase "any mail" is the direct object of the compound verb "will send."

·         They found a few goldfish floating belly up in the swan pound.

In this example the indefinite adjective modifies the noun "goldfish" and the noun phrase is the direct object of the verb "found":

·         The title of Kelly's favourite game is "All dogs go to heaven."

Here the indefinite pronoun "all" modifies "dogs" and the full title is a subject complement.

6. possessive adjective

A possessive adjective ("my," "your," "his," "her," "its," "our," "their") is similar or identical to a possessive pronoun; however, it is used as an adjective and modifies a noun or a noun phrase, as in the following sentences:

·         I can't complete my assignment because I don't have the textbook.

In this sentence, the possessive adjective "my" modifies "assignment" and the noun phrase "my assignment" functions as an object. Note that the possessive pronoun form "mine" is not used to modify a noun or noun phrase.

·         What is your phone number.

Here the possessive adjective "your" is used to modify the noun phrase "phone number"; the entire noun phrase "your phone number" is a subject complement. Note that the possessive pronoun form "yours" is not used to modify a noun or a noun phrase.

·         The bakery sold his favourite type of bread.

In this example, the possessive adjective "his" modifies the noun phrase "favourite type of bread" and the entire noun phrase "his favourite type of bread" is the direct object of the verb "sold."

·         After many years, she returned to her homeland.

Here the possessive adjective "her" modifies the noun "homeland" and the noun phrase "her homeland" is the object of the preposition "to." Note also that the form "hers" is not used to modify nouns or noun phrases.

·         We have lost our way in this wood.

In this sentence, the possessive adjective "our" modifies "way" and the noun phrase "our way" is the direct object of the compound verb "have lost". Note that the possessive pronoun form "ours" is not used to modify nouns or noun phrases.

·         In many fairy tales, children are neglected by their parents.

Here the possessive adjective "their" modifies "parents" and the noun phrase "their parents" is the object of the preposition "by." Note that the possessive pronoun form "theirs" is not used to modify nouns or noun phrases.

·         The cat chased its ball down the stairs and into the backyard.

In this sentence, the possessive adjective "its" modifies "ball" and the noun phrase "its ball" is the object of the verb "chased." Note that "its" is the possessive adjective and "it's" is a contraction for "it is."

Adjective

Adjective (kata sifat) memberikan informasi tentang kata benda. Contoh:

• She’s an excellent dancer.
• I’ve got a new apartment.

Adjective bisa ditempatkan sebelum kata benda. Contoh:

• This is a beautiful bird.
• “This is a bird beautiful.” tidak benar.

Kata sifat memberikan informasi seperti ukuran (kecil, besar), bentuk (bulat, persegi), warna (kuning, hijau), kebangsaan (Cina, Polandia), dan opini (baik, buruk).
Adjective tidak mengalami perubahan yang tergantung pada jumlah (tunggal atau jamak). Contoh:

• She has a cute puppy.
• She has three cute puppies.

Perhatikan bahwa adjective (cute) tidak mengalami perubahan baik dalam bentuk tunggal (puppy) maupun jamak (puppies).
Adjective juga bisa ditempatkan setelah kata kerja tertentu seperti be, feel, look, dan taste. Contoh:

• I’m really happy today.
• She’s got a new job so she feels great.
• You look wonderful!
• This chicken tastes delicious.

1.       Demonstrative adjective

this, that, these, those disebut demonstratif kata sifat. Mereka menunjukkan kata benda.
Mereka selalu menjawab pertanyaan yang mana?
Pada contoh berikut, kata sifat demonstratif diperlihatkan dengan warna.

·   Mari bermain permainan ini dan kemudian menonton film itu.

Ingatlah bahwa this, that, these, those juga dapat berperan sebagai kata ganti demonstratif dalam hal ini mereka tidak diikuti oleh kata benda (sebagai kata sifat yang demonstratif), tapi menggantikan kata benda.
Pada contoh berikut, kata ganti demonstratif diperlihatkan dalam warna.

·   Mari bermain ini dan kemudian menonton itu.

2.      Common adjective

Common adjective hanya sederhana, kata sifat biasa. Ini menggambarkan sebuah kata benda secara umum.
sharp, flexible, hot, red, hidden, dripping, nice, huge.

3. Proper adjective

Kata sifat yang tepat berasal dari kata benda dan huruf kapital.

Proper noun	Proper adjective
China	Chinese
California	Californian
Mars	Martian
Spain	Spanish
Christianity	Christian
Japan	Japanese
Hollywood	Hollywood
Texas	Texas

Kadang-kadang, seperti dalam dua contoh, sebuah kata benda tidak berubah sama sekali untuk menjadi kata sifat yang tepat.

4. Interrogative adjective

Sebuah kata sifat interogatif ( "which" atau "what") adalah seperti kata ganti interogatif, kecuali bahwa memodifikasi nomina atau frasa nominal dan bukan berdiri dengan sendiri (lihat juga demonstratif posesif kata sifat dan kata sifat):

·         Tanaman mana yang harus disiram dua kali seminggu?

Seperti kata sifat lainnya, "yang" dapat digunakan untuk memodifikasi nomina atau frase nominal. Dalam contoh ini, "yang" memodifikasi "tanaman" dan frase kata benda "yang tanaman" adalah subjek verba kompleks "harus disirami":

·         Buku apa yang sedang kau baca?

Dalam kalimat ini, "apa" memodifikasi "buku" dan frase kata benda "buku apa" adalah obyek langsung kata kerja kompleks "baca."

5.Indefinite adjective

Sebuah kata sifat tak terbatas adalah serupa dengan kata ganti tak terbatas, kecuali bahwa memodifikasi sebuah kata benda, kata ganti, atau frasa nominal, seperti dalam kalimat berikut:

·         Banyak orang percaya bahwa perusahaan berada di bawah-dikenai pajak.

Kata sifat yang tak terbatas "banyak" memodifikasi kata benda "orang" dan frase kata benda "banyak orang" adalah subyek kalimat.

·         Aku akan mengirimkan seluruh mail yang tiba setelah Anda pindah ke Sudbury.

Kata sifat yang tak terbatas "apapun" memodifikasi kata benda "mail" dan frase kata benda "ada surat" adalah obyek langsung kata kerja kompleks "akan mengirim."

·         Mereka menemukan beberapa ikan mas yang mengambang di perut angsa pon.

Dalam contoh ini yang tanpa batas memodifikasi kata sifat kata benda "ikan mas" dan frase kata benda adalah obyek langsung dari kata kerja "ditemukan":

·         Judul permainan favorit Kelly adalah "Semua anjing masuk surga."

Disini kata ganti tanpa batas "semua" memodifikasi "anjing" dan judul lengkap adalah subyek pelengkap.

6.Possessive adjective

Sebuah kata sifat posesif ( "saya," "Anda," "-nya," "dia," "-nya," "kita," "mereka") adalah mirip atau identik dengan kata ganti posesif, namun digunakan sebagai kata sifat dan memodifikasi nomina atau frase nomina, seperti dalam kalimat berikut:

·         Aku tidak dapat menyelesaikan tugas saya karena saya tidak memiliki buku pelajaran.

Dalam kalimat ini, kata sifat yang posesif "saya" memodifikasi "tugas" dan frase kata benda "tugas saya" berfungsi sebagai objek. Perhatikan bahwa bentuk kata ganti milik "saya" tidak digunakan untuk memodifikasi nomina atau frase nomina.

·         Berapakah nomor telepon Anda.

Di sini kata sifat posesif "Anda" adalah digunakan untuk memodifikasi nomina frase "nomor telepon"; seluruh nomina frase "nomor telepon Anda" adalah subjek pelengkap. Perhatikan bahwa bentuk kata ganti milik "milikmu" tidak digunakan untuk memodifikasi nomina atau frase nominal.

·         Menjual toko roti jenis roti favorit.

Dalam contoh ini, kata sifat posesif "-nya" memodifikasi frase kata benda "jenis roti favorit" dan seluruh nomina frase "tipe favoritnya roti" adalah obyek langsung dari kata kerja "dijual."

·         Setelah bertahun-tahun, dia kembali ke tanah airnya.

Di sini kata sifat posesif "dia" memodifikasi kata benda "tanah air" dan frase kata benda "tanah airnya" adalah objek dari preposisi "ke." Perhatikan juga bahwa bentuk "miliknya" tidak digunakan untuk memodifikasi nomina atau frasa nomina.

·         Kita telah kehilangan arah dalam kayu ini.

Dalam kalimat ini, kata sifat yang posesif "kami" memodifikasi "jalan" dan frase kata benda "cara kita" adalah obyek langsung dari kata kerja kompleks "telah hilang". Perhatikan bahwa bentuk kata ganti milik "kita" tidak digunakan untuk memodifikasi nomina atau frasa nomina.

·         Dalam banyak dongeng, anak-anak diabaikan oleh orangtua mereka.

Disini kata sifat posesif "mereka" memodifikasi "orang tua" dan frase kata benda "orang tua mereka" adalah objek dari preposisi "oleh." Perhatikan bahwa bentuk kata ganti milik "mereka" tidak digunakan untuk memodifikasi nomina atau frasa nomina.

·         Si kucing mengejar dengan bola menuruni tangga dan masuk ke halaman belakang.

Dalam kalimat ini, kata sifat yang posesif "nya" memodifikasi "bola" dan frase kata benda "nya bola" adalah objek dari kata kerja "mengejar." Perhatikan bahwa "nya" adalah kata sifat posesif dan "itu" adalah kontraksi untuk "itu."